Controlled pollinations to determine the mating system and determination of the Outcrossing Index (OCI), the pollen /ovule ratio and breeding system. Results: Astrophytum ornatum produced flower buds throughout the year, but 89.2% of them were aborted. Four events of ephemeral flowering population were presented per year. The species is self-incompatible and controlled pollinations indicated pollinator limitation of several bee species. The OCI indicates that the species is facultative xenogamous, and pollen/ovule ratio indicates obligate xenogamy. On average there were 54 seeds/fruit and individuals produced 4 fruits/year. Conclusions: The continuous production of buds had rarely been reported for cacti. Intrapopulation bloom is one of the shortest recorded for the family and it produces high floral synchrony. The low number of seeds / fruit and flowers / individual, coupled with the narrow niche breadth of species and various anthropogenic factors place Astrophytum ornatum as a susceptible species to be extinct. Key words: continuous production of flower buds, reproductive success, breeding system, mating system, phenology Ecología reproductiva del "cactus estrella" Astrophytum ornatum (Cactaceae): una estrategia de reproducción continua con bajo éxito Resumen Antecedentes: No existen estudios precisos sobre la biología reproductiva de Astrophytum ornatum, especie endémica y en riesgo. Preguntas: ¿Cómo es la fenología de la especie? ¿Cuáles son los sistemas de cruza y apareamiento? y ¿Cuál es el éxito reproductivo? Especie de estudio: Astrophytum ornatum (Cactaceae). Sitio de estudio y fechas: Observaciones de 2010 a 2011 en la población más densa de A. ornatum en la Barranca de Metztitlán (Hgo. México). Métodos: Censos mensuales y seguimiento de estructuras reproductivas. Seguimiento de flores en antesis. Polinizaciones controladas para determinar el sistema de cruza y determinación del índice de entrecruza de Cruden (OCI) y de la relación polen/óvulo para estimar el sistema de apareamiento. Resultados: Astrophytum ornatum produjo botones florales todo el año pero el 89.2% de ellos fueron abortados. Se presentaron cuatro eventos efímeros de floración poblacional/año. La especie es autoincompatible y las polinizaciones controladas indicaron escasez de polinizadores (abejas). La especie es xenógama facultativa según el OCI o xenógama obligada por la relación polen/óvulo. En promedio se producen 54 semillas/fruto y 4 frutos/individuo/año. Conclusiones: La producción continua de botones florales es un fenómeno raramente reportado para cactáceas. La floración intrapoblacional constituye uno de los registros más cortos para la familia y produce una alta sincronía floral. El bajo número de semillas/fruto y de flores/individuo, aunado a la amplitud restringida del nicho de la especie y a diversos factores antropogénicos sitúan a Astrophytum ornatum como especie susceptible de extinción. Palabras clave: producción continua de botones florales, éxito reproductivo, sistema de apareamiento, sistema de cruza, fenología Bo...
Historic demography changes of plant species adapted to New World arid environments could be consistent with either the Glacial Refugium Hypothesis (GRH), which posits that populations contracted to refuges during the cold-dry glacial and expanded in warm-humid interglacial periods, or with the Interglacial Refugium Hypothesis (IRH), which suggests that populations contracted during interglacials and expanded in glacial times. These contrasting hypotheses are developed in the present study for the giant columnar cactus Cephalocereus columna-trajani in the intertropical Mexican drylands where the effects of Late Quaternary climatic changes on phylogeography of cacti remain largely unknown. In order to determine if the historic demography and phylogeographic structure of the species are consistent with either hypothesis, sequences of the chloroplast regions psbA-trnH and trnT-trnL from 110 individuals from 10 populations comprising the full distribution range of this species were analysed. Standard estimators of genetic diversity and structure were calculated. The historic demography was analysed using a Bayesian approach and the palaeodistribution was derived from ecological niche modelling to determine if, in the arid environments of south-central Mexico, glacial-interglacial cycles drove the genetic divergence and diversification of this species. Results reveal low but statistically significant population differentiation (FST = 0.124, P < 0.001), although very clear geographic clusters are not formed. Genetic diversity, haplotype network and Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) demographic analyses suggest a population expansion estimated to have taken place in the Last Interglacial (123.04 kya, 95% CI 115.3–130.03). The species palaeodistribution is consistent with the ABC analyses and indicates that the potential area of palaedistribution and climatic suitability were larger during the Last Interglacial and Holocene than in the Last Glacial Maximum. Overall, these results suggest that C. columna-trajani experienced an expansion following the warm conditions of interglacials, in accordance with the GRH.
Candy Barrel Cactus (Echinocactus platyacanthus Link & Otto [C Mex.]): A Traditional PlantResource in Mexico Subject to Uncontrolled Extraction and Browsing. The candy barrel cactus (Echinocactus platyacanthus) is an endemic of the Chihuahuan Desert in México that is used as an ornamental plant, for fodder, and for human consumption. The uncontrolled use of this species has resulted in its being put under special legal protection. Although now illegal to harvest, many candy barrel cacti continue being destroyed in situ by both gathering and livestock grazing. This study describes the uses of this species and the characteristics of its natural population in central Mexico. In order to estimate density, percentage of damaged cactus, and height of candy barrel cactus, censuses were carried in stands of 2,500 m 2 . The anthropogenic disturbance in each site was estimated by an environmental disturbance index (DI). Results show that the state of Hidalgo has the best conserved population (mean density=1,111 ind/ha, stratus height=137 cm, and only 2% of the total cacti injured). Populations in Puebla represent an intermediate state of conservation, while Querétaro has populations with the lowest density (435 ind/ha), the shorter height (62 cm), the highest foraging (18%), and the greatest DI (71.30). We recommend that conservation strategies for this species be implemented immediately, and that areas be established that exclude livestock and prevent extraction by humans. La biznaga dulce (Echinocactus platyacanthus Link & Otto [C Mex.]): Un recurso vegetal deMéxico sujeto a extracción no controlada y forrajeo. La biznaga dulce (Echinocactus platyacanthus) es una biznaga endémica del desierto de Chihuahense en México, la cual es usada como planta ornamental, forrajera y para el consumo humano. Debido a su uso la legislación mexicana la ha designado como especie sujeta a protección especial. A pesar de que la extracción es ilícita, muchas biznagas continúan siendo destrozadas in situ por colectas y por forrajeo del ganado. Este estudio describe el uso de la especie, así como las características de su población en el centro de México. Con la finalidad de estimar la densidad, el porcentaje de plantas dañadas y la altura del estrato de las biznagas, se realizaron censos en parcelas de 2,500 m 2 . El disturbio antropogénico fue estimado a través de un índice de disturbio (DI) en cada sitio. Los resultados muestran que el estado de Hidalgo tiene la población mejor conservada (promedio de densidad= 1,111 ind/ha, una altura del estrato=137 cm y con tan solo el 2% de las biznagas dañadas). Las poblaciones en Puebla representan una estado intermedio de conservación, mientras que las poblaciones de Querétaro presentan las densidades más bajas (435 ind/ha), las menores alturas (62 cm), un forrajeo más elevado (18%) y los mayores DI (71.30). Se recomienda la inmediata implementación de estrategias de conservación para la especie, como el establecimiento de áreas de exclusión para evitar tanto la extracción humana como el forrajeo.
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