While 3D cinema is becoming increasingly established, little effort has focused on the general problem of producing a 3D sound scene spatially coherent with the visual content of a stereoscopic-3D (s-3D) movie. The perceptual relevance of such spatial audiovisual coherence is of significant interest. In this paper, a subjective experiment is carried out where an angular error between an s-3D video and a spatially accurate sound reproduced through Wave Field Synthesis (WFS) is simulated. The psychometric curve is measured with the method of constant stimuli, and the threshold for bimodal integration is estimated. The impact of the presence of background noise is also investigated. A comparison is made between the case without any background noise and the case with an SNR of 4 dBA. Estimates of the thresholds and the slopes, as well as their confidence intervals, are obtained for each level of background noise. When background noise was present, the point of subjective equality (PSE) was higher (19.4• instead of 18.3• ) and the slope was steeper (−0.077 instead of −0.062 per degree). Because of the overlap between the confidence intervals, however, it was not possible to statistically differentiate between the two levels of noise. The implications for the sound reproduction in a cinema theater are discussed.

IL-1 receptor-activated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is involved in signal transduction downstream of many TLRs and the IL-1R. Its potential as a drug target for chronic inflammatory diseases is underappreciated. To study its functional role in joint inflammation, we generated a mouse model expressing a functionally inactive IRAK1 (IRAK1 kinase deficient, IRAK1KD), which also displayed reduced IRAK1 protein expression and cell type–specific deficiencies of TLR signaling. The serum transfer model of arthritis revealed a potentially novel role of IRAK1 for disease development and neutrophil chemoattraction exclusively via its activity in nonhematopoietic cells. Consistently, IRAK1KD synovial fibroblasts showed reduced secretion of neutrophil chemoattractant chemokines following stimulation with IL-1β or human synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and gout. Together with patients with RA showing prominent IRAK1 expression in fibroblasts of the synovial lining, these data suggest that targeting IRAK1 may be therapeutically beneficial. As pharmacological inhibition of IRAK1 kinase activity had only mild effects on synovial fibroblasts from mice and patients with RA, targeted degradation of IRAK1 may be the preferred pharmacologic modality. Collectively, these data position IRAK1 as a central regulator of the IL-1β–dependent local inflammatory milieu of the joints and a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory arthritis.

While 3D cinema is becoming increasingly established, little effort has focused on the general problem of producing a 3D sound scene spatially coherent with the visual content of a stereoscopic-3D (s-3D) movie. The perceptual relevance of such spatial audiovisual coherence is of significant interest. In this paper, we explain why the combination of accurate sound positioning and stereoscopic-3D images can lead to an incongruence between the sound and the image for multiple spectators. Then, we adapt to s-3D viewing a method originally proposed for 2D images in the literature to reduce this error. Finally, a subjective experiment is carried out to prove the efficiency of the method.

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