Rigorous control of the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis services is important because the immune system of patients with chronic renal failure is weakened. The objective of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water for hemodialysis in the hemodialysis department of the hemodialysis center of Douala General Hospital in order to improve the disinfection strategy. Twelve water samples were collected each month at different sites of the hemodialysis circuits A (inlet of filters), B (Outlet of filters / inlet of Reverse Osmosis (RO) device) and C (outlet of the RO device / close to the generator) between November 2015 and February 2016 to be analyzed. The bacteria were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of water at each site through nitrocellulose membrane with 0.45 µm microporosity deposited on the surface of the Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (TGEA) and then incubated at room temperature (20 to 22ºC) for 7 days. After transplanting to different environments, pure bacterial isolates were identified by their cultural characters and marketed biochemical galleries. The colony count was well above the required international standards (˃100 CFU / ml), for the hemodialysis water with a percentage of 50% (6/12) of non-compliance. Among the bacteria identified, nine (07) were Gram-negative bacilli including Pseudomonas fluorescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp ozaenae, three (03) Gram-positive bacilli all Bacillus sp and three (03) Gram-positive cocci all of coagulase-negative staphylococci. The most frequently isolated bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (38.5%), Klebsiella (15, 5%), Bacillus (23%) and Staphylococcus (23%). The detection of a variety of bacteria in the hemodialysis water in this study indicates the need for regular and appropriate monitoring of water for hemodialysis by the hemodialysis center of Douala General Hospital to ensure a better quality of life for patients undergoing this treatment.

The emergence and spread of carbapenems resistance Enterobacteriaceae remain a major public health, a real threat as well as a silent tsunami. This phenomenon leading to reduce the therapeutic option and increase the additional cost. The general objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Escherichia coli strains producing broad-spectrum beta lactamases and resistant to carbapenems. We carried out a descriptive, cross sectional and prospective study between August and November 2020 at the Hospital Saint Jean de Malte in Njombe, on a consecutive sample of 249 patients received at the bacteriology unit. Our study population consisted of all patients who came for inpatient or outpatient consultations, were prescribed an cytobacterioligical urine exam, and in whom an E. coli strain was isolated. The identification of E. coli strains was confirmed using the Api 20E mini gallery. Resistance to carbapenems (Meropenem and Imipenem) was defined by determining the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by the microdilution plate method. Of the 249 cytobacterioligical urine exam samples received during our study period, 131 presented a pathogenic germ and E. coli strains were identified in 85 of them. The age of the patients in whom the E. coli strains were identified ranged from 70 to 85 years and the male sex dominated with a frequency of 38.2%. Of these identified E. coli strains, we detected 08 (9.41%) BLSE-producing strains. The resistance rate of the isolated E. coli strains producing BLSE was 75% and 50% for Meropenem and Imipenem respectively. The results of this study underline the urgent need for a regular surveillance system for broad-spectrum antibiotics in our context.

Rigorous control of the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis services is important because the immune system of patients with chronic renal failure is weakened. The objective of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water for hemodialysis in the hemodialysis department of the University Teaching Hospital of Yaoundé in order to improve the disinfection strategy. Twelve water samples were collected each month at different sites of the hemodialysis circuits A (inlet of filters), B (Outlet of filters / inlet of Reverse Osmosis (RO) device) and C (outlet of the RO device / close to the generator) between July and October 2015 to be analyzed. The bacteria were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of water at each site through nitrocellulose membrane with 0.45 µm microporosity deposited on the surface of the Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (TGEA) and then incubated at room temperature (20 to 22°C) for 7 days. After transplanting to different environments, pure bacterial isolates were identified by their cultural characters and marketed biochemical galleries. The colony count was well above the required international standards (˃100 CFU / ml), for the hemodialysis water with a percentage of 83.3% (10/12) of non-compliance. Among the bacteria identified, nine (09) were Gram-negative bacilli including Pasteurella haemolytica, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas paucimobilis, Aeromonas salmonicida and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp ozaenae, three (03) Gram-positive bacilli all Bacillus sp and six (06) Gram-positive cocci all of coagulase-negative staphylococci. The most frequently isolated bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (30.4%), Staphylococcus (26.1%), Aeromonas (13%), Bacillus (13%), Klebsiella (13%) and Pasteurella (4.3%). In this study, the high bacteriological contamination of the hemodialysis water with the detection of a variety of bacteria shows that the disinfection procedure of the distribution loop is not efficient and cannot prevent the development of a biofilm. A higher frequency of disinfection (almost every week), an increase of the concentration and time of contact of the chlorine disinfection product or the use of peracetic acid and a regular monitoring can contribute to improve the quality of the hemodialysis water at the CHUY to ensure a better quality of life for patients undergoing this treatment.

Groundwater is a precious and essential natural resource for many uses. Its use for food or hygiene purposes requires an excellent microbiological quality to avoid waterborne diseases. The study objective as to investigate the bacteriological quality of groundwater in the "Don Bosco'', area located at Mimboman in the city of Yaoundé. Household surveys were conducted to identify the main source of drinking water supply. After identification of the different boreholes, water samples were taken from 10 boreholes. Bacteria were isolated after filtering 100 ml of the sample from each borehole through a 0.45 µm microporosity membrane. This membrane was then deposited on the surface of agar plates incubated at 37°C and 44°C for 24 +/-2h. After subculturing on different media, the pure bacterial isolates were identified by their cultural and biochemical characteristics. A total of 95 households were surveyed and it was found that the main source of drinking water was boreholes (65.5%). The probable sources of pollution were latrines located above the boreholes (8/10), followed by a lack of disinfection after 6 months (7/10). Bacteriological analyses showed that the borehole water consumed by the population of Don Bosco does not meet WHO standards with a non-conformity of 50% for total flora, 38.8% for total coliforms, 31.5% for faecal coliforms and 31.5% for faecal streptococci. Six (06) general and bacterial species were isolated: group D streptococci (30%), Escherichia coli (30%), Shigella (5%), Salmonella (5%), Yersinia enterocolitica (5%) and Aeromonas (5%). In this study, the detection of a variety of germs in ground water indicates that these waters are unfit for consumption. As a result, there is an urgent need to move the latrines in question and to proceed with regular and appropriate disinfection of the wells in the Don Bosco area in Mimboman district, to guarantee a life quality for the population that consumes this water.

Dyslipidaemia is a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease of patients under haemodialysis. Both increase and decrease of cholesterol levels are associated with higher cardiovascular mortality rate in haemodialysis patients. The objective of this study was to assess the lipid dysfunction among patients maintained under haemodialysis in two reference centres of haemodialysis in Cameroon. A descriptive comparative study was carried out in Nephrology Unit of the University Teaching Hospital of Yaoundé and the same Unit of the Douala General Hospital, Cameroon. A total of 160 subjects were studied: Of these, there were 80 patients under haemodialysis and 80 healthy controls. Body mass index (BMI) was measured according to WHO's guidelines. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assayed before and after haemodialysis session. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using Friedwald's equation. Their cardiovascular risk indices (TC / HDL-C) were also determined. Patients under haemodialysis had significantly lower BMI as compared with the healthy controls (p < 0.05). Total Cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C were considerably lower before and after haemodialysis compared with the healthy controls (p ˂ 0.05). A non-significant difference was found between Triglycerides before and after haemodialysis in contrast with the healthy controls (p > 0.05). The cardiovascular risk indices (TC / HDL-C) of the patients under haemodialysis were higher than those of the healthy control group. Patients under haemodialysis had quite low BMI, total Cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C depicting malnutrition leading to inflammation, accelerated atherosclerosis process and cardiovascular complications.