Vegetative desiccation tolerance (VDT), the ability of such tissues to survive the near complete loss of cellular water, is a rare but polyphyletic phenotype. It is a complex multifactorial trait, typified by some near universal (core) factors but with many and varied adaptations due to plant architecture, biochemistry and biotic/abiotic dynamics of particular ecological niches. The ability to enter into a quiescent biophysically stable state is what ultimately determines desiccation tolerance. Thus, understanding of the metabolomic complement of plants with VDT gives insight into the nature of survival as well as evolutionary aspects of VDT. In this study we measured the soluble carbohydrate profiles and the polar, TMS-derivatisable metabolomes of 7 phylogenetically diverse species with VDT, in contrast with 3 desiccation sensitive (DS) species, under conditions of full hydration, severe water deficit stress, and desiccated. Our study confirmed the existence of core mechanisms of VDT systems relying on either constitutively abundant trehalose, or the accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides and sucrose, with threshold ratios conditioned by other features of the metabolome. DS systems did not meet these ratios. Considerable chemical variations among VDT species suggest that similar stresses, e.g. photosynthetic stress, are dealt with using different chemical regimes. Furthermore, differences in timing of metabolic shifts suggest there is not a single desiccation programme, but that subprocesses are coordinated differently at different phases of drying. There is likely to be constraints on the composition of a viable dry state and how different adaptive strategies interact with the biophysical constraints of VDT.

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Fertigation can be a suitable technique for utilizing digestate, minimizing nitrogen losses, and contributing to circularity within a farming system. For this purpose, digestate usually is first processed with a screw-press separator. However, further filtration is required to remove particles that could clog the nozzles of drip or sprinkling irrigation systems. Advanced filtration can be obtained using mechanical separation with screens having openings of 100- 300 μm. This operation can be another source of ammonia emission, but this aspect has not been adequately investigated. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by evaluating the emissions from three different filtration systems for digestate. The study was conducted in three different farms located in Lombardy (Italy) using digestate to fertigate maize by drip irrigation (two farms) and pivot irrigation (one farm). Ammonia emissions were measured with passive samplers and the fluxes were examined using an inverse dispersion model implemented in Windtrax software. The emissions were measured both when the filtration systems were in operation and when they were switched off. Ammonia emissions (mean values between 375 and 876 μg NH3/m2/s) tended to increase during operation of the filtration systems. However, no significant differences were found in the emissions from active and inactive equipment on any of the farms. The emissions from the filtration systems were higher than from a storage tank (22-67 μg NH3/m2/s). However, the mean emissions amounted to only 0.3% of the nitrogen content of the digestate. These emissions can be considered irrelevant in the context of the whole management scheme for digestate. This work provides a first insight on ammonia emissions arising from advanced filtration of digestate, with specific reference to Po Valley farming systems. Further studies are required to improve knowledge about emissions from the entire digestate management process, including the treatments required for specific application techniques.