Pollutants from pig farms in Mexico have caused problems in many surface water reservoirs. Growing concern has driven the search for low-cost wastewater treatment solutions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of an in-series constructed wetland to remove nutrients from wastewater from a pig farm. The wetland system had a horizontal flow that consisted of three cells, the first a surface water wetland, the second a sedimentation cell, and the third a subsurface flow wetland. The vegetation used was Thypa sp. and Scirpus sp. A mix of soil with red volcanic rock (10–30 mm diameter) and yellow sand (2–8 mm diameter) was used as a substrate for the vegetation. The experiments were carried out in duplicate. Water samples were collected at the inflow and outflow of the cells. Two hydraulic retention times (HRT) (5 and 10 days) and three treatments were evaluated: 400, 800, and 1200 mg·L−1 of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. Data was collected in situ for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). COD, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N), and total phosphorous (TP) were analyzed in the laboratory. The results showed that the in-series constructed wetland is a feasible system for nutrient pollutant removal, with COD removal efficiency of 76% and 80% mg·L−1 for a 5- and 10-day HRT, respectively. The removal efficiency for TKN, NH3–N, and TP reached about 70% with a 5-day HRT, while a removal of 85% was obtained with a 10-day HRT. The wetland reached the maximum removal efficiency with a 10-day HRT and an inflow load of 400 mg·L−1 of organic matter. The results indicate that HRT positively affects removal efficiency of COD and TDS. On the other hand, the HRT was not the determining factor for TP removal. Treatment one, with an initial COD concentration of 400 mg·L−1, had the highest removal of the assessed pollutants, allowing for the use of water for irrigation according to Mexican regulatory standards (NOM-001). The water quality resulting from treatments two and three (T2 = 800 mg·L−1 of COD and T3 = 1200 mg·L−1 of COD) did not comply with minimal requirements for irrigation water.
Pollution levels have been increasing in water ecosystems worldwide. A water quality index (WQI) is an available tool to approximate the quality of water and facilitate the work of decision-makers by grouping and analyzing numerous parameters with a single numerical classification system. The objective of this study was to develop a WQI for a dam used for irrigation of about 5000 ha of agricultural land. The dam, La Vega, is located in Teuchitlan, Jalisco, Mexico. Seven sites were selected for water sampling and samples were collected in March, June, July, September, and December 2014 in an initial effort to develop a WQI for the dam. The WQI methodology, which was recommended by the Mexican National Water Commission (CNA), was used. The parameters employed to calculate the WQI were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), alkalinity (Alk), total phosphorous (TP), Cl−, NO3, SO4, Ca, Mg, K, B, As, Cu, and Zn. No significant differences in WQI values were found among the seven sampling sites along the dam. However, seasonal differences in WQI were noted. In March and June, water quality was categorized as poor. By July and September, water quality was classified as medium to good. Quality then decreased, and by December water quality was classified as medium to poor. In conclusion, water treatment must be applied before waters from La Vega dam reservoir can be used for irrigation or other purposes. It is recommended that the water quality at La Vega dam is continually monitored for several years in order to confirm the findings of this short-term study.
RESUMEN.En los últimos 100 años los ríos han experimentado grandes modificaciones. En México se han tomado medidas para resarcir los daños causados a través de la Norma Mexicana NMX-AA-159-SCFI-2012, que establece el procedimiento para la determinación del caudal ecológico. La cuenca del Río AyuquilaArmería, uno de los más importantes ríos del occidente de México, ha sufrido en los últimos años el desecamiento a su salida al mar, lo que ha representado un obstáculo para las especies migratorias. El objetivo de este estudio es la propuesta de caudal ecológico de distribución mensual, utilizando los métodos hidrológicos, combinados con la utilización del método de hidrobiológico, definidos en la norma mexicana. Como resultado de los métodos hidrológicos suma un volumen total de 1.088 hm 3 año 1 , el método hidrobiológico estima un caudal mínimo ecológico de 4,5 m 3 s -1, indicando que en niveles de gasto por debajo de este caudal las "especie objetivo" no podrían sobrevivir debido al descenso del hábitat potencial útil. El resultado final es un régimen mensual de caudales, para la época de estiaje (noviembre-mayo) con un 7% de reserva de agua, y para los meses más secos de marzo a mayo con 2%, con caudales de 5 m 3 s -1 en marzo, 4,5 m 3 s -1 para abril y 4,4 m 3 s -1 en mayo, asegurando la protección de la fauna acuática, en lluvias de junio a octubre con una reserva de agua de 41%, alcanzando su caudal más elevado en septiembre con 105,3 m 3 s -1 mejorando la dinámica hidrológica y geomorfológica del río. Palabra clave: método hidrológico, método hidrobiológico, caudal mínimo ecológico, especie objetivo.
En México los frutales caducifolios se cultivan en el centro y norte del país donde la temperatura, al final del otoño y durante el invierno, es baja para que ocurra una defoliación de los árboles y presenten un letargo durante el invierno. El calentamiento global, como efecto del cambio climático, tiene el potencial de reducir el frío disponible en el invierno y afectar la producción de los árboles frutales caducifolios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer el efecto del cambio climático, sobre la acumulación de horas frío en el periodo de invierno. Se realizó un análisis histórico sobre la variación del número de horas frío (HF) y un análisis similar en los escenarios climáticos 2030, 2050 y 2070 en los RCP 4.5 y 8.5. Tanto en el análisis histórico como en los escenarios se encontraron efectos del cambio climático, el cual será desfavorable para los frutales de clima templado. El calentamiento global provocará una disminución de la superficie con acumulación de 600 a 800 HF de 11.7, 25.8 y 33% en los escenarios climáticos 2030, 2050 y 2070 del RCP 4.5, respectivamente y hasta 99.5% la superficie con acumulación de 800 a 900 HF en el clima 2070 del RCP 8.5. En cambio, la superficie con poca acumulación de HF (50 a 200) aumentará 11.5, 29.3 y 36.4% en los escenarios climáticos 2030, 2050 y 2070 del RCP 4.5, respectivamente. Los frutales caducifolios en el futuro se verán limitado por la disminución de HF, en las áreas con mayor acumulación de frío, de igual manera pueden ser afectados los cereales de otoño-invierno.
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