5Professor titular da FMB-Unesp e coordenador do CeMENutri. Botucatu, SP, Brasil RESUMOObjetivo: Revisar estudos que abordam as práticas alimentares atuais e o padrão de atividade física como contribuintes do excesso de peso na infância.Fontes de dados: Ovid Journals, Highwire e SciELO, com seleção de artigos originais e de revisão nos últimos dez anos (1997 a 2007), na língua portuguesa e inglesa.Síntese de dados: O acompanhamento do estado nutricional de crianças permite diagnosticar seu estado de saúde atual, bem como predizer parcialmente seu prognóstico na vida adulta. A prevalência de obesidade infantil, no Brasil, apresenta aumento progressivo em todas as classes sociais e sua freqüência varia entre cinco a 18%, dependendo da região estudada. A associação da transição epidemiológica, demográfica e comportamental e a alteração do hábito alimentar são apontadas como fatores causais do aumento progressivo da obesidade infantil. Práticas alimentares caracterizadas por elevado teor de lipídios, sacarose e sódio e por reduzido consumo de cereais integrais, frutas e hortaliças associadas à inatividade física decorrente do uso de computadores, jogos eletrônicos e televisores influenciam parte considerável de crianças. Este estilo de vida reflete os hábitos familiares e pode ser influenciado pelo ambiente escolar no qual a criança está inserida.Conclusões: Os dados sugerem influência considerável dos fatores ambientais, principalmente hábitos alimentares e inatividade física, no crescente aumento da prevalência de excesso de peso na população pediátrica.Palavras-chaves: obesidade; transição nutricional; consumo alimentar; atividade física. ABSTRACT Objective:To review the literature in order to show how current feeding and physical activity practices may contribute to childhood overweight.Data source: Ovid Journals, Highwire and SciELO, selecting original and review articles from 1997 to 2007, published in English and Portuguese.Data synthesis: The periodic assessment of children nutritional status is important to diagnose their current health status and to predict their adult life prognosis. In Brazil, the prevalence of childhood obesity is progressively increasing in all social classes and its frequency varies from five to 18%, according to the region assessed. The association between the health, demographic and behavioral transition and the change in feeding practices can explain the increasing prevalence of childhood overweight. The current food consumption with high fat, sugar and sodium intake and low intake of whole cereals, fruits and vegetables associated to physical inactivity due to the excessive use of computers, electronic games and television may play a role in childhood obesity. This life style can be explained by changing family

there was a growing increase in the acquisition of motor and oral skills along the ages, as well as a variability of skills in the ages between the 3rd and 24 months and a significant association between the motor and oral skills.

To compare the long-term effectiveness of whole pancreas transplantation and pancreatic islet transplantation in controlling the metabolic disorders and preventing the kidney lesions of alloxan diabetes, metabolic and morphologic studies were performed in four groups of rats: (1) NC-116 nondiabetic controls; (2) DC-273 untreated alloxan-diabetic controls; (3) PDT-182 rats that received syngeneic pancreaticoduodenal transplants not long after induction of diabetes with alloxan; and (4) IT-92 rats that received an intraportal injection of at least 1500 and usually 2000 syngeneic pancreatic islets soon after induction of diabetes with alloxan. Each month for 24 months after diabetes was well established, body weight and plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were measured, and five lesions were scored by light microscopy in 50 glomeruli and related tubules in each kidney by a "blind" protocol: glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial enlargement, Bowman's capsule thickening, Armanni-Ebstein lesions of the tubules, and tubular protein casts. There were progressive and highly significant increases in the incidence and severity of all five kidney lesions in the diabetic control rats compared with the nondiabetic control rats. No significant differences were found between the kidneys of Group PDT and those of Group NC, demonstrating that whole pancreas transplantation prevented all of the diabetic kidney lesions throughout the 2-year study period. In contrast, within 3-9 months after pancreatic islet transplantation and thereafter, the incidence and severity of the five diabetic kidney lesions were similar in Group IT and Group DC. Whole pancreas transplantation produced precise metabolic control of diabetes throughout the 24 months of study, whereas pancreatic islet transplantation did not accomplish complete metabolic control, particularly beyond the first several months after transplantation. The difference in the completeness of metabolic control achieved by the two types of transplants is the most likely explanation for their sharp difference in effectiveness in preventing diabetic nephropathy.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of elevated blood pressure in schoolchildren and adolescents and the association of blood pressure with anthropometric measures.Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in three schools in Botucatu, Brazil, collected blood pressure (BP) measurements taken at three different time points and anthropometric data: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), arm circumference, waist circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Blood pressure was measured using the auscultation method, and children were classified into two groups: pre-hypertension or hypertension for values between the 90th and 95th percentiles or above the 95th percentile. Data were compared according to sex using the Student's t test. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between blood pressure and anthropometric data. To evaluate blood pressure, the Z score according to BMI percentile categories, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey post hoc test were used.Results: This study evaluated 903 children and adolescents (51.7% boys) whose mean age was 9.3±2.5 years. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 9.1% and 2.9%. There was a positive correlation between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and anthropometric variables, especially for weight (r=0.53 and r=0.45, p<0.05) and waist circumference (r=0. 50 and r=0.38, p<0.05).Conclusions: The prevalence of elevated blood pressure in this study was similar to what has been reported in international and national studies. A positive correlation with abnormal anthropometric measures was found. These results suggest that overweight affects blood pressure already in childhood.Key-words: hypertension; pre-hypertension; child; adolescent; obesity. RESUMOObjetivo: Verificar a prevalência de pressão arterial elevada em crianças e adolescentes e sua associação com indicadores antropométricos.Métodos: Estudo transversal de estudantes de três instituições de ensino em Botucatu (SP). As variáveis ava- Resultados: Foram avaliadas 903 crianças (51,7% meninos), com idade de 9,3±2,5 anos para ambos os sexos. A prevalência de PH foi de 9,1% e de HAS foi de 2,9%. Houve correlação positiva significativa entre os níveis de PAS e PAD elevados e as variáveis antropométricas, com valores maiores para peso (r=0,53 e r=0,45, p<0,05, respectivamente) e CA (r=0,50 e r=0,38, p<0,05, respectivamente).Conclusões: A prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados nesta casuística foi compatível com outros estudos brasileiros e internacionais, correlacionando-se positivamente com indicadores antropométricos elevados, o que sinaliza a influência do excesso de peso na PA já na infância.Palavras-chave: hipertensão; pré-hipertensão; criança; adolescente; obesidade. RESUMENObjetivo: Verificar la prevalencia de presión arterial elevada en niños y adolescentes y su asociación con indicadores antropométricos.Métodos: Estudio transversal incluyendo a estudiantes de tres instituciones de enseñanza de Botucatu (São Paulo, Brasil)....

PURPOSE:To evaluate in a long term the morphometric and ultrastructural changes in seminiferous tubules (ST) of normal and diabetic rats, and to correlate any changes with animal age and diabetes duration. METHODS:Sixty male Wistar rats, three months-old, were randomly divided into two groups: 30 non-diabetic controls (N) and 30 alloxan untreated diabetic (D). After one, six and 12 months of follow-up or diabetes induction rats were sacrificed and the testes examined. Morphometric measures of the ST were performed by digital imaging analysis. ST ultrastructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS:Sustained hyperglycemic state was observed in all diabetic rats throughout the study. Serum testosterone was also significantly decreased in these animals. The diameter, total area, epithelium area and epithelium thickness of ST were lower and tubular density was higher in diabetic animals. Diabetic rats also showed ultrastructural changes compromising the whole testis including germ-, Sertoli-, and Leydig cells, and also the mithocondria and cellular nuclei. Most frequent of these consisted of vacuolization and/ or accumulation of lipid droplets and electron dense dark material in cell cytoplasm and/or in membranes, cellular degeneration, and apoptosis. Non-diabetic control rats also showed testicular lesions that resemble to the diabetic lesions, although much less severe and with later onset in life of these animals. CONCLUSION:Histopathological changes observed in testes of normal and diabetic rats are closely related to the animal age and/ or duration of the hyperglycemic state, being progressively more severe in animals sacrificed belatedly. These changes may play an important role in male infertility observed in diabetic subjects.