Three of the predominant features of apoptosis are internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, plasma membrane bleb formation, and retraction ofcell processes. We demonstrate that actin is a substrate for the proapoptotic cysteine protease interleukin 1.8-converting enzyme. Actin cleaved by interleukin lp-converting enzyme can neither inhibit DNase I nor polymerize to its filamentous form as effectively as intact actin. These findings suggest a mechanism for the coordination of the proteolytic, endonucleolytic, and morphogenetic aspects of apoptosis.

Expression of the protooncogene bcl-2 inhibits both apoptotic and in some cases necrotic cell death in many cell types, including neural cells, and in response to a wide variety of inducers. The mechanism by which the Bcl-2 protein acts to prevent cell death remains elusive. One mechanism by which Bcl-2 has been proposed to act is by decreasing the net cellular generation of reactive oxygen species. To evaluate this proposal, we measured activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as levels of glutathione and pyridine nucleotides in control and bcl-2 transfectants in two different neural cell lines-rat pheochromocytoma P012 and the hypothalamic GnRH cell line GT1 -7. Both neural cell lines overexpressing bcl-2 had elevated total glutathione levels when compared with control transfectants. The ratios of oxidized glutathione to total glutathione in P012 and GT1 -7 cells overexpressing bcl-2 were significantly reduced. In addition, the NAD/NADH ratio of bcl-2-expressing P012 and GT1-7 cells was two-to threefold less than that of control cell lines. GT1-7 cells overexpressing bcl-2 had the same level of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activities as control cells. P012 cells overexpressing bcl-2 had a twofold increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity when compared with matched control transfected cells. The levels of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in P012 cells overexpressing bcl-2 were similar to those of control cells, These results indicate that the overexpression of bcl-2 shifts the cellular redox potential to a more reduced state, without consistently affecting the major cellular antioxidant enzymes.