The extent to which species' life histories evolve to match climatic conditions is a critical question in evolutionary biology and ecology and as human activities rapidly modify global climate. GIS-based climatic data offer new opportunities to rigorously test this question. Superficially, the spadefoot toads of North America (Scaphiopodidae) seem to offer a classic example of adaptive life-history evolution: some species occur in extremely dry deserts and have evolved the shortest aquatic larval periods known among anurans. However, the relationships between the climatic conditions where spadefoots occur and the relevant life-history traits have not been explicitly tested. Here, we analyzed these relationships using GIS-based climatic data, published life-history data, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for pelobatoid frogs. Surprisingly, we find no significant relationships between life-history variables and precipitation or aridity levels where these species occur. Instead, rapid development in pelobatoids is strongly related to their small genome sizes and to phylogeny.

anode materials severed limited the largescale commercial application of SIBs and PIBs. However, the large ion radius of Na + (1.02 Å) and K + (1.37 Å) severe limited the electrochemical activity of anode, while the development of the new kind of anode materials became the primary mission for commercial application of SIBs and PIBs. The transition-metal selenides (TMSs) were regarded as the powerful candidates for SIBs and PIBs anode materials according to the advantages of extraordinary narrowband gap semiconductor properties and large Na + /K + insertion interstitial sizes. [4][5][6] Among various of TMSs, zinc selenide (ZnSe) exhibited remarkable ion storage potential, based on the multiple electron transfers per metal atom of alloying and conversion reactions. [7,8] However, its sluggish kinetics and poor conductivity heavily restricted the rate capability and cycling life of ZnSe electrodes. Thus, it is necessary to further improve the performance of ZnSe as SIBs and PIBs anode materials. [9] Assembling binarymetal selenides were proposed as an effective way to enhance Na + /K + storage performance owning to multiple advantages include: 1) produced more selenium vacancies and disorders, resulting in additional redox sites and better Na + /K + diffusion kinetics; 2) introduced considerable pseudocapacitance from the modified interface, which will offer extra specific capacity and enhance the rate performance; 3) the combination of two metal selenides can offer a satisfying conductivity comparing to mono-metal selenides. [10][11][12] Therefore, comparing with unary ZnSe electrodes, bimetallic selenide consisting of ZnSe and another suitable metal was expected to provide extraordinary Na + /K + storage performance. [13] Manganese selenide (MnSe) anode displayed high theoretical specific capacity, low operating voltage, and low toxicity. [14] Moreover, the electrochemistry synergy effect of manganese and zinc has been well proved in transition-metal oxides. [15] By synthesizing zinc-manganese binary selenides (Zn-Mn-Se), the synergistic effect may show an improved ion storage performance of materials substantially. [16,17] Unfortunately, suffering from serious volume change and afterward unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, Zn-Mn-Se with satisfying rate performance and stable cyclingThe slow kinetics and poor structural stability prevent transition metal selenides from being widely used in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, the "flower-like" porous carbon anchored by Zn-Mn binary selenides (ZMS@FC) composites are fabricated by selenizing the modified hierarchically metal-organic frameworks. The 2D conductive hierarchically flakes' abundant pore structure and multiple active sites shorten the ion diffusion length and promote conductivity, while the synergistic effect of the binary metals and intrinsic large pseudocapacitive contribution effectively improve capacity and rate performance. ZMS@FC composites exhibit impressive rate capability of 294.4 mA h g -1 at 10...

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<p class="Abstract" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm; layout-grid-mode: char;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Global path planning for mobile robot using genetic algorithm and A* algorithm is investigated in this paper. The proposed algorithm includes three steps: the MAKLINK graph theory is adopted to establish the free space model of mobile robots firstly, then Dijkstra algorithm is utilized for finding a feasible collision-free path, finally the global optimal path of mobile robots is obtained based on the hybrid algorithm of A* algorithm and genetic algorithm. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance than Dijkstra algorithm in term of both solution quality and computational time, and thus it is a viable approach to mobile robot global path planning.</span></span></span></p>