The advantages of measuring both the excitation spectrum and emission spectrum of living cells’ fluorescence are reviewed together with interferometric methods. Mitochondria in yeast cells are described as examples of Biomedical methods, also including mammalian cells. Mitochondria in human hepatic cells, murine mast cells and human keratinocytes are shown using the vital stains DASPMI, Mitotracker Green and TMRE. An example in Biotechnology is the study of photosynthetic algae, used in the production of hydrogen.

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F. N. Ghadially has published an ultrastructural pathology of the cell and matrix which describes the morphological changes associated with a large number of diseases, genetic disorders and toxic effects [1]. We have attempted the counterpart of such studies with living cells, using fluorescence probing and imaging of cells' organelles. Fluorescence imaging of organelle interactions has been carried out using a variety of excitation and imaging filters. The method has been originally tried for mitochondrial visualization in a variety of cells including yeast, mastocytoma, transformed-keratinocytes and mitochondrial DNA deficient osteosarcoma [2]. Vital probes used included DASPMI, Mitotracker Green, TMRE for mitochondria, and quinacrine for lysosomes ( Fig. 1).The stages of mitochondrial NADH responses to glucose challenge are being evaluated in osteosarcoma (Fig. 2). Under glucose challenge, the mitochondria responded within seconds by increased NADH fluorescence which appeared in a few scattered locations and then spread rapidly in a few seconds with increased intensity to the rest of the mitochondria. Even though the quantum yield of NADH fluorescence is weak, it was possible to record the fluorescence (Fig. 3). This marks the osteosarcoma cell as an excellent example for further studies of mitochondrial metabolic activation.Based on the demonstration by Gregorio Weber and Ronald Gemperlein, the scope of this study can be broadened by using the excitation option of fluorescence imaging [3,4]. In principle, excitation and emission filters can be replaced by various forms of double beam interferometry in conjunction with Fourier analysis [5]. A recently constructed "Pentaferometer" appears to be quite suitable for insertion on the excitation or emission side, or on both sides [6]. The method is deemed suitable for extension to neuroblastoma, lysosomal disease cells and senescent cells in diagnostics or drug trials. Complementation is considered by photoacoustic spectroscopy.

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