El presente trabajo tiene por objeto conocer la dinámica del mercado mundial de aguacate enun escenario proyectado de tiempo. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática deinformación, relacionada con los datos de producción, importaciones y exportaciones deaguacate, mediante la recopilación de bases de datos especializadas, realizando cálculos yproyecciones para conocer el comportamiento del mercado del aguacate. Se concluye que elaguacate es un frutal promisorio, con margen de crecimiento en los mercados internacionalestanto en precio como en cantidad; encontrándose, además, que el consumo per cápita aparentede este frutal tenderá a situarse en 0,85 kilogramos de consumo por persona año, en el 2020; loanterior, favorece los intereses de los países productores que ven es esta fruta una oportuni-dad para generar ingresos en todos los niveles de la cadena de valor.

No abstract

Conventional slick-line temperature surveys enable successive temperature measurements at pre-determined depth stations along the well-bore. This method has two major drawbacks. The wellbore fluid flow dynamics impact the temperature accuracy while the uncertainty in depth leads to erroneous conclusions on spatial temperature distribution along the wellbore. Remedial actions based on these temperature measurements do not always help optimize productivity or injectivity. To overcome these measurement uncertainties and correctly evaluate the gas-lift system performance for the oil producer wells or to identify temperatures anomalies, such as flow behind casing for water injection wells, continuous temperature measurements with time and depth are needed.The slick-line fiber optics distributed temperature sensors technology presented in this paper measure simultaneous temperature traces along the well-bore with time. This is widely used in oil wells located at Maracaibo Lake, where approximately 95% of the wells are produced using gas-lift and also applied in La Concepcion water injection wells for wellbore integrity. There are technical papers on fiber-optic technology applications as a qualitative monitoring tool but very few case histories where slick-line is used as the method of fiber deployment. This paper will describe eight success histories where fiber-optic sensors have been deployed using slick-line. These case studies are grouped as follows: Gas-Lift System Evaluation in which four wells were subject to analysis: Completion leakages detection in producers and injectors; Identification of water entry as well as channeling of water behind casing. This paper will also demonstrate the application of this technology to implement production enhancement techniques. The use of this technology for operational flexibility, time saving and data quality will be compared to conventional temperature logging. In addition, it will show how environmental risks are eliminated by deploying fiber on slick-line for leak detection services.

This study evaluates a binary mixture of fly ash and lime as a stabilizer for natural soils. A comparative analysis was performed on the effect on the bearing capacity of silty, sandy and clayey soils after the addition of lime and ordinary Portland cement as conventional stabilizers, and a non-conventional product of a binary mixture of fly ash and Ca(OH)2 called FLM. Laboratory tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of additions on the bearing capacity of stabilized soils by unconfined compressive strength (UCS). In addition, a mineralogical analysis to validate the presence of cementitious phases due to chemical reactions with FLM was performed. The highest UCS values were found in the soils that required the highest water demand for compaction. Thus, the silty soil added with FLM reached 10 MPa after 28 days of curing, which was in agreement with the analysis of the FLM pastes, where soil moistures higher than 20% showed the best mechanical characteristics. Furthermore, a 120 m long track was built with stabilized soil to evaluate its structural behavior for 10 months. An increase of 200% in the resilient modulus of the FLM-stabilized soils was identified, and a decrease of up to 50% in the roughness index of the FLM, lime (L) and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)-stabilized soils compared to the soil without addition, resulting in more functional surfaces.

Downhole gas compression is an artificial lift means that aims to increase production, maximize recovery and delay onset of liquid loading from gas wells. Being a technology not widely implemented yet, its application, benefits, operating window and limitations are not deeply managed by the oil & gas industry community. The compressor boosts gas flow rates by increasing the pressure drawdown in the well proportionally to inlet pressure reduction. The required pressure ratio needs to meet the discharge pressure requirements to overcome well head pressure, column weight and pressure losses across the tubing, but the larger pressure ratio is the higher outlet temperature will be, which may become a limiting factor due to completion, compressor and process specs. Fluid velocity also varies across different casing sections, carrying with changes in liquid volume fraction (LVF) and flow regimes. In general, compressors are known to be low efficient handling liquids, therefore a close investigation on the LVF and flow patterns at inlet conditions must be very well understood for downhole applications. Well modeling and sensitivity analysis will be used in this paper to illustrate in detail the well performance representation with downhole gas application along with a comparative analysis with surface gas compression to evaluate potential gains. Results and observations about these parameters, along with methodologies to calculate inlet/outlet conditions will also be described in this paper, adding to the existing literature a new holistic approach for analyzing gas well performance operated with downhole compressors.