Todos los productos que se utilizan en la vida cotidiana, son resultado de un proceso químico en la industria donde se desarrollaron, misma que requiere grandes cantidades de energía, la cual es generada por combustión de diferentes combustibles que a su vez liberan a la atmósfera grandes concentraciones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). En este ensayo se presentan ejemplos y argumentos de cómo la transformación de la materia tiene un impacto negativo al medio ambiente y la salud humana. Las emisiones de GEI a la atmosfera, es cada día más preocupante ya que originan el efecto invernadero, causante del cambio climático, además la transformación de la materia también ocasiona las emisiones de otros compuestos altamente tóxicos para los seres vivos. En este ensayo se pone de manifiesto la problemática que existe en el corredor que comprende a los municipios de Apaxco, Atotonilco de Tula y Tula de Allende.
El ozono en la estratósfera forma una capa atmosférica muy importante que ayuda a la preservación de la vida en la tierra, ya que sin su presencia los rayos UV-C llegarían directamente a la población, generando diferentes problemas de salud a los seres vivos. La literatura menciona que la capa de ozono ha entrado en una fase de deterioro a causa de la presencia de compuestos derivados de hidrocarburos saturados como los clorofluorocarbonos (CFC´s). Debido a la creciente preocupación de la comunidad científica, se han incrementado estudios con la finalidad de comprender el comportamiento o deterioro que tiene la capa de ozono, y poder proponer medidas de mitigación para detener este fenómeno. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica del estado actual del deterioro de la capa de ozono, y conocer las posibles causas y consecuencias del mismo, asimismo hacer conciencia sobre el uso de compuestos que contribuyen al deterioro de esta capa.
Denitrification process has been studied for biodegradation of some emerging contaminants (ECs). For this, anaerobic sludges from different Wastewater Treatment Plants (WTP) have been used; however, the biodegradation capacity can differ due to the contact they have had with various pollutants, given their origin. This work aims to evaluate the kinetic and metabolic capacity of two denitrifying sludges from different WTP to biodegrade CH3COO−-C and NO3−-N. Denitrifying tests were carried out in batches with CH3COO−-C (30 mg L−1) in a CN−1 relationship of 1.8 with sludge from a WTP of an educational center (WTP-A) and CH3COO−-C (50 mg L−1) to a CN−1 of 1.4 with another from the WTP of Atotonilco de Tula, Hidalgo, México (WTP-B). The results showed that the biodegradation rate of CH3COO−-C and NO3−-N with the WTP-B sludge was 35 and 75% greater, respectively, compared to the WTP-A sludge. Therefore, we suggest that the consumption difference of substrate is attributable to the sludges of WTP, which have been exposed to a high concentration of a great variety of pollutants.
17β-estradiol (E2) is the natural estrogen with the most significant potential for endocrine disruption in the biota of aquatic ecosystems at trace concentrations. It is, therefore, essential to study treatments for water polluted with E2 that would guarantee its complete elimination and mineralization. Denitrification is a biological process shown to have the capacity to completely biodegrade drugs, such as ampicillin. This work is aimed to evaluate the biotransformation of 17β-estradiol by employing a denitrifying sludge. The assays performed were: (I) abiotic with 3.5 mg E2-C L−1 and (II) denitrifying with 10 mg CH3COO−-C L−1 as the reference, 10 mg E2-C L−1 as the sole electron donor, and a mixture of (mg L−1) 10 E2-C with 10 CH3COO−-C at C N−1 of 1.1. The E2-C and NO3−-N consumption efficiencies were greater than 99%, and HCO3−-C and N2 production yields were close to 1 in all assays. The denitrifying sludge could biodegrade up to 10 mg E2-C L−1 as the sole electron donor and when mixed with 10 mg CH3COO−-C L−1. No intermediate metabolites were generated from the process.
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