Aims To compare the duration of the residual hypnotic and sedative effects of zaleplon with those of zolpidem and placebo following nocturnal administration at various times before morning awakening. Methods Zaleplon 10 mg, zolpidem 10 mg, or placebo was administered double‐blind to 36 healthy subjects under standardized conditions in a six‐period, incomplete‐block, crossover study. Subjects were gently awakened and given medication at predetermined times 5, 4, 3, or 2 h before morning awakening, which occurred 8 h after bedtime. When the subjects awoke in the morning, a battery of subjective and objective assessments of residual effects of hypnotics was administered. Results No residual effects were demonstrated after zaleplon 10 mg, when administered as little as 2 h before waking, on either subjective or objective assessments, whereas zolpidem 10 mg showed significant residual effects on DSST and memory (immediate and delayed free recall) after administration up to 5 h before waking and choice reaction time, critical flicker fusion threshold and Sternberg memory scanning after administration up to 4 h before waking. Residual effects of zolpidem were apparent in all objective and subjective measurements when the drug was administered later in the night. Conclusions The present results demonstrate that zaleplon at the dose of 10 mg is free of residual hypnotic or sedative effects when administered nocturnally as little as 2 h before waking in normal subjects. In contrast, residual effects of zolpidem are still apparent on objective assessments up to 5 h after nocturnal administration, longer than has been reported from studies involving daytime administration.

Ecuador is one of the countries with the highest biodiversity in the world, this can also be seen in the Culicidae family. However, there are a limited number of studies on this group. This work provides a baseline reference for this insect group and information about numerous potential and vector disease species. Species names and records were extracted from the National Mosquito Reference Collection at INSPI-Quito, published literature and web databases. The specimens at the INSPI collection were identified using morphological keys and, in a few cases, using molecular markers in the genus Anopheles. An updated list includes the subfamilies Culicinae and Anophelinae, eight tribes, 22 genera and 200 species. We present 18 species cataloged as new records for Ecuador represented in two subfamilies, 6 tribes and 9 genera. Taxonomic notes, geographical distribution and medical importance data for the species involved are provided. The updated list of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) is a guide for researchers and health personnel when studying biodiversity, fauna, insect vectors and strategies to prevent the spread of vector diseases.

33This is the first genetic analysis in Ecuador of Aedes aegypti using fragments of mitochondrial 34 genes, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). A total 35 of 154 mosquitoes from 23 localities were collected in the Pacific coastal lowlands, Amazon 36 basin lowlands, and the Galápagos Islands from 2012 to 2019. The analysis of fragments of the 37 genes COI (672 bp) and ND4 (262 bp) and concatenated analysis of both COI and ND4 showed 38 two haplotypes (H1, H2) present in Ecuador mainland and the Galápagos Islands. The 39 phylogenetic analysis identified two well-supported clades. Combined analysis of both genes 40 from ten localities also resulted in two haplotypes. Nucleotide diversity, neutrality tests 41 (Tajima´s test D, Fu and Li´s F*and D*) and AMOVA analysis of the entire data set suggest 42 balancing selection for both genes. The results indicate genetic variation without geographical 43 restriction. COI-H1 grouped with sequences from the Americas, West and Central Africa, East 44 Africa, Asia, and Australia. ND4-H1 grouped with similar sequences from the Americas, Asia 45 and West Africa. COI-H2 grouped with sequences from Asia and the Americas. ND4-H2 46 grouped with sequences from the Americas. We report overlapping peaks in four sequences that 47 suggest heteroplasmy in the individuals. The origin of the populations of Aedes aegypti in 48Ecuador show African genetic origin and are widely present in several countries in the Americas. 49

Using a qualitative research method known as narrative inquiry, the authors undertake an exercise in empirical hermeneutics in a Latino church context in order to explore the formative effects of participation in mission on biblical interpreters. The analysis leads to the construction of a twofold hermeneutical model that provisionally answers our research question: the relationship between participants’ experiences of mission and their understandings of the Bible seems to consist of dynamics designated as missional emplotment and narrative fusion.