The results of this epidemiologic survey found high rates of LUTS and OAB, but low levels of medical consultation and very low use of medication treatment, despite high levels of improvement when medications were used.

Patients with MS and LUTD could be best managed through the use of this consensus report.

Early diagnosis prevents serious ocular complications and chronic dry eye in rosacea. We suggest that in addition to tear function tests, rose Bengal staining and impression cytology can be successfully used in the early diagnosis of dry eye and in monitoring medical treatment in ocular rosacea. Meibomian glands play an important role in the pathogenesis of the ocular disease.

Leydig cell tumors of the testis are rare, mostly presenting as a testicular mass or as endocrinological symptoms. Here, three patients who were admitted for investigation of primary infertility and one patient presenting with a testicular mass are reported. The histological features were reviewed and an immunohistochemical study was done using a panel of antibodies against cytokeratin, vimentin, inhibin A, S-100, Ki-67, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, p53, bcl-2, and c-erbB2. The latter case (lost during follow up of metastatic disease) demonstrated massive tumor necrosis, extension through the tunica albuginea, and a high mitotic activity and MIB-1 score. Only this malignant case was bcl-2 positive. Of the two oncogenic markers studied, none of the cases were positive for c-erb2, while p53 was positive in more than 50% of cells in the malignant case and in one case of infertility with a large tumor, hemorrhage, focal necrosis and atypical cytological features. We recommend the evaluation of infertile men for Leydig cell tumors, and we believe that a panel of antibodies, including Ki-67, p53 and bcl-2, used for immunohistochemical analysis could be of diagnostic value in the identification of malignant and borderline cases of Leydig cell tumor.

Objective To determine the sensitivity of drug-resistant prostate cancer cell lines to doxazosin-mediated cell death, and the effects of combining doxazosin and chemotherapeutic agents on these cell lines. Materials and methods The cytotoxic effect of doxazosin was initially evaluated in the prostate carcinoma cell lines DU145 and PC-3. Doxazosin was combined either with adriamycin, etoposide or paclitaxel after its cytotoxic effects were detected in these cell lines. The tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay and trypan blue dyeexclusion tests were used to determine drug-mediated cytotoxicity. Experiments were performed at least three times and representative data are presented. Results Both cell lines were sensitive to doxazosinmediated cytotoxicity and the maximum cytotoxicity was achieved after 72 h. While cell death increased with increasing concentrations of doxazosin, 60 mmol/L doxazosin killed more than half of the cells in these cell lines. The combination of doxazosin with both adriamycin and etoposide resulted in signi®cant synergistic cytotoxic activity at subtoxic concentrations of the drugs. Interestingly, the combination of doxazosin and paclitaxel resulted in antagonistic activity. Conclusion Doxazosin-mediated cytotoxicity in the drugresistant human prostate carcinoma cell lines was con®rmed. Combinations of doxazosin with either adriamycin and etoposide, but not paclitaxel, had synergistic cytotoxic activity in these tumour cell lines. These results suggest that doxazosin could be a new cytotoxic agent, either used alone or combined, in the treatment of prostate cancer.