In order to elucidate the clinical features and diagnostic problems specific to geriatric patients, was studied the international scientific literature, thus establishing the following relevant features (1) Lung diseases, in particular COPD is a complex condition with higher incidence and prevalence in geriatric patients, characterized by high rates of disturbing symptoms, significant risk of cognitive, affective and functional decline, disease progression, frequent use of health care, extremely difficult treatment and increased mortality. (2) Atypical clinical presentation and confusion of comorbidities, limited use of spirometry and lack of clinical suspicion in primary care lead to underdiagnosis of COPD in the elderly population. (3) Spirometry is essential in the diagnostic procedure, but only through harmonization with other appropriate contemporary predictive diagnostic methods such as questionnaires and investigations, can prevent the overdiagnosis caused by normal aging of the lungs. (4) Acute exacerbations and comorbidities can cause diagnostic confusion, poorer therapeutic results, which confirms the need for early, complex diagnosis in order to maintain the sanogenic path of the elderly patient. (5) Clinico-paraclinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features validate the need for multidimensional evaluation and multidisciplinary intervention of geriatric COPD patients.

Introduction: Detection and close monitoring of patients with precancerous lesions - chronic atrophic gastritis (GCA), gastric intestinal metaplasia (MIG) and gastric mucosal epithelial dysplasia (DEMG) is a priority to increase early detection and, implicitly, decrease mortality and mortality. by gastric cancer (GC). The aim of the present study is to develop a narrative synthesis of contemporary studies on GCA diagnostic methods. Material and methods: Eligible studies were searched in the PubMed, Hinari, SpringerLink and Scopus (Elsevier) databases during the years 2000-2020. Results: Out of 575 articles addressing the topic of precancerous lesions, 59 articles were qualified representative for the materials published on the topic of this synthesis article. Conclusions: There are two main methodological approaches for GCA evaluation: non-invasive serological examination using gastric function markers and invasive examination, which requires histological analysis of biopsy samples taken during upper digestive endoscopy, the latter being the „gold standard” for diagnosis.