Three synthesised reactive (graftable) antioxidants, r-AO, with hindered phenol and hindered amine antioxidant functions, were examined for their grafting efficiency in polyethylene and their retention and stabilising performance in peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene pipe material. Their level of grafting in uncrosslinked high density polyethylene, HDPE, and the extent of their retention in highly peroxidecrosslinked HDPE (PEX a) material (both laboratory prepared samples and PEX a pipes produced by commercial processes) were determined after stringent solvent extraction methodologies. The uniformity of distribution of the r-AOs in the PEX a pipes (across the length and thickness of the pipes) were examined using infrared-microscopy and compared with similarly produced PEX a pipes containing commercial antioxidants having the same antioxidant functions. The extent of interference of the graftable hindered phenol and hindered amine antioxidants with the peroxide crosslinking process in the PEX a materials was assessed by comparing the level of crosslinking achieved against analogously prepared samples containing a conventional hindered phenol antioxidant (Irganox 1076). The results obtained showed that the presence of the graftable (r-AOs) antioxidants did not affect the level of crosslinking of the PEX a pipes which remained high (>85%) and that they were retained to a very high extent in the PEX a material after solvent extraction, and are very uniformly distributed across the length and thickness of PEX a pipes. The long-term stabilising performance of the graftable r-AOs in the PEX a material (in both laboratory prepared samples and in peroxide crosslinked pipes produced by commercial processes) was also examined using complimentary methods: oxidative induction time (OIT) before and after solvent extraction, physical embrittlement following oven ageing at 125 o C, as well as by a hydrostatic pressure tests conducted (with water inside and air outside) at 115 o C and 2.5 MPa pressure. The stabilising efficacy of the r-AOs was compared with that of conventionally stabilised PEX a material containing analogous antioxidant functions produced in the same way. The level of retention (in the pipes) of the graftable antioxidants and their long-term stabilising performance was shown to be significantly higher than that of the conventional AOs under all the test conditions used here.

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