Background Patients with COVID-19 have increased sleep disturbances and decreased sleep quality during and after the infection. The current published literature focuses mainly on qualitative analyses based on surveys and subjective measurements rather than quantitative data. Objective In this paper, we assessed the long-term effects of COVID-19 through sleep patterns from continuous signals collected via wearable wristbands. Methods Patients with a history of COVID-19 were compared to a control arm of individuals who never had COVID-19. Baseline demographics were collected for each subject. Linear correlations among the mean duration of each sleep phase and the mean daily biometrics were performed. The average duration for each subject’s total sleep time and sleep phases per night was calculated and compared between the 2 groups. Results This study includes 122 patients with COVID-19 and 588 controls (N=710). Total sleep time was positively correlated with respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ). Increased awake sleep phase was correlated with increased heart rate, decreased RR, heart rate variability (HRV), and SpO 2 . Increased light sleep time was correlated with increased RR and SpO 2 in the group with COVID-19. Deep sleep duration was correlated with decreased heart rate as well as increased RR and SpO 2 . When comparing different sleep phases, patients with long COVID-19 had decreased light sleep (244, SD 67 vs 258, SD 67; P =.003) and decreased deep sleep time (123, SD 66 vs 128, SD 58; P =.02). Conclusions Regardless of the demographic background and symptom levels, patients with a history of COVID-19 infection demonstrated altered sleep architecture when compared to matched controls. The sleep of patients with COVID-19 was characterized by decreased total sleep and deep sleep.

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Aims The aim of our study was to assess differences in post-ablation atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence and burden and to quantify the change in LVEF across different congestive heart failure (CHF) subcategories of the DECAAF-II population. Methods and results Differences in the primary outcome of AF recurrence between CHF and non-CHF groups was calculated. The same analysis was performed for the three subgroups of CHF and the non-CHF group. Differences in AF burden after the 3-month blanking period between CHF and non-CHF groups was calculated. Improvement in LVEF was calculated and compared across the three CHF groups. Improvement was also calculated across different fibrosis stages. There was no significant differences in AF recurrence and AF burden after catheter ablation between CHF and non-CHF patients and between different CHF subcategories. Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) experienced the greatest improvement in EF following catheter ablation (CA, 16.66% ± 11.98, P < 0.001) compared to heart failure with moderately reduced LVEF, and heart failure with preserved EF (10.74% ± 8.34 and 2.00 ± 8.34 respectively, P-value < 0.001). Moreover, improvement in LVEF was independent of the four stages of atrial fibrosis (7.71 vs. 9.53 vs. 5.72 vs. 15.88, from Stage I to Stage IV respectively, P = 0.115). Conclusion Atrial fibrillation burden and recurrence after CA is similar between non-CHF and CHF patients, independent of the type of CHF. Of all CHF groups, those with HFrEF had the largest improvement in LVEF after CA. Moreover, the improvement in ventricular function seems to be independent of atrial fibrosis in patients with persistent AF.

BACKGROUND Patients with COVID-19 have increased sleep disturbances and decreased sleep quality during and after the infection. The current published literature focuses mainly on qualitative analyses based on surveys and subjective measurements rather than quantitative data. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we assessed the long-term effects of COVID-19 through sleep patterns from continuous signals collected via wearable wristbands. METHODS Patients with a history of COVID-19 were compared to a control arm of individuals who never had COVID-19. Baseline demographics were collected for each subject. Linear correlations among the mean duration of each sleep phase and the mean daily biometrics were performed. The average duration for each subject’s total sleep time and sleep phases per night was calculated and compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS This study includes 122 patients with COVID-19 and 588 controls (N=710). Total sleep time was positively correlated with respiratory rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO₂). Increased awake sleep phase was correlated with increased heart rate, decreased RR, heart rate variability (HRV), and SpO₂. Increased light sleep time was correlated with increased RR and SpO₂ in the group with COVID-19. Deep sleep duration was correlated with decreased heart rate as well as increased RR and SpO₂. When comparing different sleep phases, patients with long COVID-19 had decreased light sleep (244, SD 67 vs 258, SD 67; <i>P</i>=.003) and decreased deep sleep time (123, SD 66 vs 128, SD 58; <i>P</i>=.02). CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the demographic background and symptom levels, patients with a history of COVID-19 infection demonstrated altered sleep architecture when compared to matched controls. The sleep of patients with COVID-19 was characterized by decreased total sleep and deep sleep.