Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is extensively used in various multifactor authentication protocols. In this work, various recent ECC-based authentication and key exchange protocols are subjected to threat modeling and static analysis to detect vulnerabilities and to enhance them to be more secure against threats. This work demonstrates how currently-used ECC-based protocols are vulnerable to attacks. If protocols are vulnerable, damage could include critical data loss and elevated privacy concerns. The protocols considered in this work differ in their usage of security factors (e.g., passwords, pins and biometrics), encryption and timestamps. The threat model considers various kinds of attacks including denial of service, man in the middle, weak authentication and SQL injection. Countermeasures to reduce or prevent such attacks are suggested. Beyond cryptanalysis of current schemes and the proposal of new schemes, the proposed adversary model and criteria set forth provide a benchmark for the systematic evaluation of future two-factor authentication proposals.

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