Many suggest that clinical examination is the best tool to detect the nodules of the thyroid gland. They also suggest that ultrasound of the thyroid gland should be used only to monitor any changes in the size of the nodule of the thyroid. To study swellings of the Thyroid gland with an emphasis on multinodular goitre.The study is prospective, involving all the patients of thyroid swelling. All thyroid swelling cases were subjected to FNAC. The type of thyroidectomy was based on the size and type of thyroid whether neoplastic or non-neoplastic. All the 102 patients were treated by surgeries like hemithyroidectomy, subtotal and total thyroidectomy following FNAC. Majority of the study subjects were in the age group of 20-29 years i.e. 29.5%. In this study most common consistency of thyroid swelling was found to be soft in 61 patients, firm in 22 and hard in 19. Lymph nodes were present in 13 patients (12.75%). 95.1% (97) of patients were euthyroid, four were hypothyroid and one was hyperthyroid. most common FNAC finding was colloid nodule in 61.8% of the cases followed by adenoma in 12.8% of the cases. Most common clinical diagnosis was solitary nodular goitre in 49% of the cases followed by multinodular goitre in 24.5% of the cases. Most common type of surgery performed was Hemithyroidectomy in 50.9% of the cases Most common complication was bleeding which occurred in only three cases. FNAC is a very useful and indispensable test in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions.

Esophageal perforation leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Treatment of choice is debatable. In adult cases of esophageal perforation, the important causes can be due to trauma, or due to foreign body or due to iatrogenic and sometimes it may be spontaneous. The rate of morbidity and mortality is increased among those who fall prey to delayed diagnosis and delayed treatment. Even after the proper treatment started within one day of diagnosis, the death rate can be 10-25%. And it increases to 40-60% among those who receive treatment after two days. In case the diagnosis of perforation is made within 24 hours, the treatment of choice is “primary closure of the perforation site and wide drainage of the mediastinum”. On the other hand, if the diagnosis is delayed for more than 24 hours, then the treatment of choice is questionable. Now a days conservative method of management is more or less adopted especially patients with small size perforation and minimum involvement of extra esophageal part. Mortality rate is determined by some factors like cause, the injury site, pre-existing disease of esophagus, treatment method used and the timing of the diagnosis. Hence multi-disciplinary approach is recommended for proper outcome. Timing of intervention is extremely critical in ensuring low mortality. Diagnosis is difficult, and a high degree of suspicion is required, especially in pediatric patients. As Endoscopic therapists play an increasingly “important role in the management of upper digestive disease”, a proper understanding of this complication of therapy is required by the therapist and the attending surgeons. Management of such perforations are both non-operative and operative. Nonoperative management used for limited perforations without sepsis, while operative management is reserved for more florid perforations and those in whom obstruction distal to the perforation exists. Endoscopic intervention may save some patients from being operated upon.