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Aims and Objective: Copious proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β are involved in progression of inflammation in human body. Inhibition of signaling mediated by proinflammatory cytokines offer effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The treatment of dreadful infectious disease mycobacterium tuberculosis still remains a challenge owing to resistance to multiple drugs hence an urgent need for newer drugs. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines have been disclosed to possess numerous pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitubercular activities. Here in we report the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines for anti-inflammatory and antitubercular activities. Materials and Methods: The targeted compounds having pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines 8a-m were synthesized in three step reactions with the formation of key intermediate 5-amino-4-cyno-1-phenyl pyrazole which upon cyclization resulted in 4amino pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine for subsequent benzoylation with substituted benzoyl chlorides to form 8a-m. Antiinflammatory activity of 8a-m was assessed at 25 mg/Kg dose and minimum inhibitory concentration against gram positive, gram negative and mycobacteria was also performed. Binding interactions were also measured in binding pocket of p38 kinase. Results: Four compounds 8a, 8b, 8e and 8i significant anti-inflammatory activity in rat paw edema model induced by carrageenan and among all 8b was potent with 80.6% activity. Numerous compounds exhibited potent activity against fungal strains than bacterial strains, compound 8k was most potent against gram negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae. Compounds 8d, 8e and 8f exhibited antitubercular activity with MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL Conclusion: Substituted N-benzoylated amino pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines endowed significant and potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Molecular docking studies also revealed favorable interactions in active site of p38 kinase.

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Introduction: The hand is the most dynamic and interactive part of the upper limb in humans and performing the complex tasks of daily living activities. The health problems due to less-than-optimal nutritional status in primary school-age children are among the most common causes of low school enrolment, high absenteeism, early dropout, and unsatisfactory classroom performance. Purpose: To compare handgrip strength, handgrip endurance, and hand dexterity in 6–12 years children with low and normal body mass index. Methodology: This pilot study was conducted among children with normal development. The age group included in the study was 6-12 years. The estimated sample 25 in each group. Participants underwent initial assessment, where height and weight were measured. To measure handgrip strength and handgrip endurance baseline hydraulic hand dynamometer and hand dexterity were assessed using a 9-hole pegboard, the participants were asked to perform three successful trials, and the mean of it was obtained. Results: Result shows that there was a significant difference between handgrip strength with BMI, with p< 0.01and no significant difference between handgrip endurance and hand dexterity with p>0.05 in children. Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated that 6-12-year-old children had a significant difference in handgrip strength of the dominant and non-dominant hand between low BMI and normal BMI children. With further research, it is important to find and compare the differences in a larger population. Keywords: Body mass index, dominant hand, handgrip strength, handgrip endurance, hand dexterity, non-dominant hand.