Objective. To observe the clinical effectiveness of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure complicated by diabetes. Methods. From May 2021 to May 2022, 90 patients with respiratory failure complicated by diabetes treated in our hospital were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either medication (control group) or noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (study group), with 45 patients in each group. The clinical endpoint was therapeutic outcomes. Results. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation resulted in significantly lower Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores versus medications ( P < 0.05 ). Patients with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation showed better pulmonary function indices versus those with medications ( P > 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in arterial oxygen (PaO2), carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), and arterial oxygen pressure/inspired fraction of O2 (PaO2/FiO2) between the two groups prior to the intervention ( P > 0.05 ). However, patients in the study group had significantly elevated PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 and lower PaCO2 levels than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Following the intervention, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation resulted in significantly lower inflammatory factor levels versus medications ( P > 0.05 ). After the intervention, markedly better glucose control was observed in the study group versus the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The incidence of complications in the control group was 2.38%, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (16.67) ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation effectively suppresses the inflammatory response, improves the blood gas analysis index, and eliminates the negative emotions of patients, thereby maintaining hemodynamic stability and improving clinical efficacy with a better safety profile. Further studies are recommended prior to clinical promotion.