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This study was conducted to evaluate differences in pain, pain interference, and fatigue, according to the level of physical activity in the elderly with chronic pain. Methods: Data were collected between January and March 2011 from 116 elders with chronic pain living in community settings. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 17.0 program for descriptive statistics, x 2 test, t-test, ANOVA and ANCOVA. The reliability of the instruments was tested with Cronbach's ⍺ coefficient, which ranged from .91 to .93. Results: The results were as follows. The mean total physical activity was 2287.4 MET-min/week, and 41.4% of the investigated subjects were classified into the low physical activity group. After adjusting for age and sex, the moderate and high physical activity groups were significantly lower in pain (F=6.33, p =.002), pain interference (F=11.57, p <.001), and fatigue (F=3.16, p =.046) than the low physical activity group. Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that the level of physical activity can influence pain, pain interference and fatigue. Therefore, incorporating more physical activities into daily routines, inactive elderly individuals may improve their pain, pain interference and fatigue.

Results: Cardio-cerebrovascular disease among middle-aged women was associated with quality of life, menopause, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, and family history of hypertension. The incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease in middle-aged women was found to be the most prevalent in women who have entered menopause, have a family history of hypertension, and have a body mass index greater than 30.0 kg/m 2 . Conclusion: This study classifies the subjects according to the risk level of each disadvantaged group for cardio-cerebrovascular disease prevention and management in middle-aged women. The results provide evidence to support a tailored cardio-cerebrovascular disease prevention and management program based on the related factors of disadvantaged groups and to establish strategies in educational and practical aspects.

Recently, Western studies have assessed acute care nurses' knowledge of delirium in hospitalised older adult with and without dementia, using case vignettes [3,8]. Fick, Hodo [3] reported more knowledge of the recognition and management of dementia, hyperactive delirium and hyperactive DSD, compared with hypoactive delirium and hypoactive DSD, using the five vignettes. Bellelli, Morandi [8] reported poor knowledge of the recognition of hypoactive delirium and DSD, using the two vignettes. However, in South Korea, most nursing research has focused on delirium as a single clinical entity in hospital settings [9][10][11][12], and little attention was given to DSD recognition and management in hospital settings. The aim of this study was to assess South Korean nurses' knowledge of delirium in hospitalised older adults with and without dementia. MethodsThis cross-sectional survey study was conducted in one regional general hospital in South Korea. Participants and data collectionInformation seminars providing oral and written information about the study were held and a convenience sample of 101 RNs from inpatients wards, excluding critical care, paediatric and obstetric units was recruited. They completed the survey in July 2013. Outcome measuresKnowledge of dementia, delirium, and DSD was measured using five case vignettes [3] which illustrate hospitalised older adults with dementia, hypoactive delirium, hyperactive delirium, hyperactive DSD, and hypoactive DSD. The case vignettes focus on assessing nurses' ability to identify different subtypes of delirium and DSD in

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