Objective This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the characteristics of malocclusions in scoliotic patients through clinical examinations. Methods Fifty-eight patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and 48 patients with congenital scoliosis (CS) participated in the study. A randomly selected group of 152 orthopedically healthy children served as the control group. Standardized orthodontic and orthopedic examination protocols were used to record the occlusal patterns and type of scoliosis. Assessments were made by three experienced orthodontists and a spinal surgery team. The differences in the frequency distribution of occlusal patterns were evaluated by the chi-squared test. Results In comparison with patients showing IS, patients with CS showed a higher incidence of Cobb angle ≥ 45° ( p = 0.020) and included a higher proportion of patients receiving surgical treatments ( p < 0.001). The distribution of the Angle Class II subgroup was significantly higher in the IS ( p < 0.001) and CS ( p = 0.031) groups than in the control group. In comparison with the healthy controls, the CS and IS groups showed significantly higher ( p < 0.05) frequencies of asymmetric molar and asymmetric canine relationships, upper and lower middle line deviations, anterior deep overbite, unilateral posterior crossbite, and canted occlusal plane, with the frequencies being especially higher in CS patients and to a lesser extent in IS patients. Conclusions Patients with scoliosis showed a high frequency of malocclusions, which were most obvious in patients with CS.