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Background. Triglycerides and 25(OH)D had been reported as correlates of IR, but the results suggest substantial heterogeneity across races. In addition, little research reported on whether different 25(OH)D levels affect triglycerides and IR. Therefore, a similar study on the US population would be a great addition to the current one. This study investigated the association between triglycerides and IR at different 25(OH)D levels. Methods. A total of 19,926 participants were included, each containing specific indicators for the study project. IR was estimated as a HOMA-IR index ≥2.73. Four multivariate logistic regression models were developed to analyze the association between TG and IR and whether different 25(OH)D levels influenced this association. Smoothed fitting curves were plotted. Results. Triglyceride was significantly associated with IR (OR: 1.3, 95 CI %), while this association received different 25(OH)D levels ( P for interaction <0.001). The effect value OR was 1.33 with the high levels, and its effect value OR was 1.28 with the low levels. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that triglyceride levels are significantly associated with insulin in the US adult population and can be used as a predictor of IR. This correlation was compromised at different 25 (OH)D levels, so future studies need to be explored in more ethnically diverse contexts.

Equipped with a distributed electric propulsion system, eVTOL is the primary vehicle for future urban air mobility. The electrical machine determines the weight of the distributed electric propulsion system, and the cooling capability determines the electrical machine’s weight. The electrical machine with air cooling is preferred for eVTOL due to its simplicity and light weight. This paper presents a new air-cooling system for an electrical machine in an electric ducted fan propulsion system. The novel cooling system consists of a cooling guide vane with a heat pipe (CGVHP), which is located downstream of the ducted fan rotating blade. The heated end of the heat pipe is inserted into the stator end windings and the cold end is inserted into the cooling guide vane. The heat generated in the windings is transmitted to the cooling guide vane by the heat pipe and dissipated by the forced convection using low-temperature air passing through the ducted fan. The cooling performance of the cooling guide vane with the heat pipe was numerically simulated, considering several critical design factors. The simulation results showed that the proposed CGVHP can be helpful for reducing the winding temperature of the electrical machine by over 25.5 °C at the peak power condition of 15.7 kW.

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