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Vehicle driving cycles have great effect on the energy consumption. Due to the battery capability ofEV and in order to reduce the energy consumption of EV, the study of planning the most energy-saving driving route for EV before its trip will be a prospective and guiding work. It is the obtaining time-variant driving cycles that be the basis of this work. The Markov Process based on stochastic process and probability theory is a new method, which is used to design the time-variant driving cycles in this paper. It is conclude from the design results that the driving cycles are different from each other during both free flow time and peak time and the results is more closed to the real driving cycles.

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The paper aims to resolve the practical problems of asynchronous brake lock-up which acts on the wheels of statically indeterminate tractors with an air suspension. First, two kinds of deflection model are calculated, both of which are under the combined effect of the brake force and the vertical force. One model considers the leaf spring suspension that is mounted on the front axle, and the other considers the air suspensions that are mounted on both the midlift axle and the drive axle. Second, a 12-degree-of-freedom braking force distribution model of the statically indeterminate multi-axle tractor-semitrailer is constructed on the basis of the foregoing preparation. Third, the ideal braking forces of each axle in the model are simultaneously calculated and the actual braking forces of each axle are measured by road tests. The curves of the ideal and the actual braking force distribution ratios at different brake rates are described. The contradistinctive outcome indicates that the excessive braking force of the midlift axle results in a premature brake lock-up, which is the main reason why wheels lock asynchronously. Finally, because of the analysis of the distribution ratios of the ideal and the actual braking forces, the paper outlines how to redesign the braking force distribution of the tractor-semitrailer according to ECE R13, SAE J992b, and JASO C514. The paper also proposes a definition of and calculational method for the fitting degree (FD), and the FD of the midlift axle is improved from 61.2 per cent to 91.8 per cent. Compared with the original tractor-semitrailer, not only is the actual braking force distribution more reasonable but also the brake stability is improved.