The radial tire was tested by the tire comprehensive testing machine to analyze the stiffness characteristics and grounding characteristics of the tire under different tire pressure and vertical load. The results show that the stiffness of different directions changes when the tire pressure increases. The longitudinal stiffness increases slightly and the torsional stiffness increases when the vertical load increases. As the vertical load increases, the tread impression changes from the ellipse to the approximately rectangle, and the area of the tread impression is slightly increased. As the tire pressure increases, the area of the tread impression is significantly reduced.

An experimental and simulation study on static tire enveloping stiffness 1. Introduction Tires are the only component of a car in contact with the ground, and the mechanical performance of the tire directly affects the comprehensive performance in terms of the car's handling stability and comfort. Enhancing the mechanical properties of tires can greatly improve the safety and stability of the vehicle. Tire stiffness is an indispensable part of the mechanical analysis of tires, and it is divided into lateral stiffness, longitudinal stiffness, torsional stiffness, radial stiffness, and enveloping stiffness. The enveloping stiffness reflects the tolerance of the tire to uneven surfaces, stones, and potholes. The enveloping stiffness of a tire will directly affect the comfort of the vehicle on the road. Many studies (Zhou et al.,2009) have been performed on the enveloping stiffness with small bumps and quasi-static conditions used finite element software to simulate the stiffness characteristics of a tire, the bump width was 10 mm, and the pressure was 0.2 MPa. The deformation contour and displacement load curves of the tire were obtained. The relationship between the rise heights of the bumps and load was basically consistent with the experimental values. Some studies (Li et al.,2019) based on the static enveloping characteristics of tires used finite element software to simulate the rolling conditions of tires under different tire pressures and loads and low-speed rolling over a bulge. They found that at low speeds, the tire pressure and tire enveloping stiffness had a significant influence on the dynamic enveloping characteristics of the tire. Furthermore, the model that best matched the experimental data was composed of beam elements with a softening basis. The model was used to calculate the radial stiffness of the tire instead of the sidewall stiffness and inflation pressure, after which a model of the bump and tread was added using finite element software to study the effect of the load and radial stiffness on the enveloping characteristics of the tire. Some authors (Qiu et al.,1994) assumed that the radial stiffness of the tire was nonlinear, and

Electro-conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable chemicals is an efficient method to deal with excessive CO2 in the atmosphere. However, undesirable CO2 reaction kinetics in the bulk solution strongly limit current density, and thus it is incompetent in market promotion. Flow cell technology provides an insight into uplifting current density. As an efficient flow cell configuration, membrane electrode assembly (MEA) has been proposed and proven as a viable technology for scalable CO2 electro-conversion, promoting current density to several hundred mA/cm2. In this review, we systematically reviewed recent perspectives and methods to put forward the utilization of state-of-the-art MEA to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals. Configuration design, catalysts nature, and flow media were discussed. At the end of this review, we also presented the current challenges and the potential directions for potent MEA design. We hope this review could offer some clear, timely, and valuable insights on the development of MEA for using wastewater-produced CO2.