This report has been written for the Department of Energy's Energy Policy and Systems Analysis Office to inform their writing of the Quadrennial Energy Review in the area of energy resilience. The topics of measuring and increasing energy resilience are addressed, including definitions, means of measuring, and analytic methodologies that can be used to make decisions for policy, infrastructure planning, and operations. A risk-based framework is presented which provides a standard definition of a resilience metric. Additionally, a process is identified which explains how the metrics can be applied. Research and development is articulated that will further accelerate the resilience of energy infrastructures.

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Twenty-four patients with various types of isolated discrete aortic stenosis of a wide range of severity or with muscular obstruction to left ventricular outflow were studied haematologically and by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Patients had haematocrits, reticulocyte, platelet, and megathrombocyte counts, serum haptoglobin, and lactic dehydrogenase performed; urine specimens were examined for haemosiderin and peripheral blood smears examinedfor schistocytes. Seventeen patients had 51chromium red blood cell survival tests and 7 patients had plasma heme pigment determinations.In discrete aortic stenosis (supravalvular, valvular, or