Parabens are widely used as preservatives in many foods, cosmetics, toiletries, and pharmaceuticals due to their relatively low toxicity profile and to a long history of safe use. Parabens are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and typically include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, isopropylparaben and benzylparaben. These compounds are known to have a null or very weak estrogenic activity in estrogen receptor assays in vitro. In recent years, an increasing concern has emerged regarding possible adverse effects of chemicals in food and in cosmetics on human reproduction outcomes. In developed countries about 15% of human couples are affected by infertility, almost half of these cases attributed to men, through low sperm motility or/and sperm count. It is known that a significant number of cases of male infertility results from exposure to xenobiotics, and also that testis mitochondria are particularly affected by drug-induced toxicity. The present review discusses evidence that parabens may not be as safe as initially thought, and suggests that the interaction between parabens and mitochondrial function in the testis may be key in explaining the contribution of parabens for a decrease in reproductive potential.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLLINATION OF Mangifera indica L. IN CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC CROPS IN THE REGION OF THE SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO VALLEYABSTRACT-This study was carried out in 2005 and 2006, in a commercial mango Tommy Atkins plantation on Frutex Farm, in Petrolina-PE. The objective was to verify the floral biology as well as the comparative study of behaviour, the frequency and the seasonality of the floral visitors in both organic and conventional crops. The mango tree inflorescences present male and hermaphrodite flowers (2:1), with predominance of the first ones in the basis of the panicles. The anthesis is diurnal, asynchronic, with liberation of strong and sweat odour. The flowers present dicogamy, characterized by the anthers dehiscence 24 hours after the anthesis. The nectar production is continuous and in small amounts, on an average of 0,045μL/flower. Concerning the flower visitors, 21 species were registered, belonging to the orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Odonata. Apis mellifera was the most frequent visitant in both types of crops. Among the Diptera, Belvosia bicincta (17,7%) and Musca domestica (10,2%) were the most frequent visitors in conventional and organic crops, respectively. The diversity and number of visitors were higher in the organic crop. The use of agrotoxics during the flowering period reduced the visit of bees (50%) and Diptera (20%). Because of its behaviour, frequency and active movement in the inflorescences, Apis mellifera was considered as the most efficient pollinator of the crop for the region of the São Francisco Submédio Valley.

Plants Visited by Centris spp.

The last decade witnessed extraordinary advances in “omics” methods, particularly transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, enabling toxicologists to integrate toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics with mechanistic insights on the mode-of-action of noxious chemicals, single or combined. The toxicology of mixtures is, nonetheless, a most challenging enterprise, especially for environmental toxicologists and ecotoxicologists, who invariably deal with chemical mixtures, many of which contain unknowns. Despite costs and demanding computations, the systems toxicology framework, of which “omics” is a major component, endeavors extracting adverse outcome pathways for complex mixtures. Still, the interplay between the multiple components of gene expression and cell metabolism tends to be overlooked. As an example, the proteome allocates DNA methyltransferases whose altered transcription or loss of function by action of chemicals can have a global impact on gene expression in the cell. On the other hand, chemical insult can produce reactive metabolites and radicals that can intercalate or bind to DNA as well as to enzymes and structural proteins, compromising their activity. These examples illustrate the importance of exploring multiple “omes” and the purpose of “omics” and multi-“omics” for building truly predictive models of hazard and risk. Here we will review the state-of-the-art of toxicogenomics highlighting successes, shortcomings and perspectives for next-generation environmental toxicologists.