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were subsequently used to rate the performances of the participants. This included accuracy and timing of both systematic and target biopsies. Immediate feedback can be obtained based on the colour of biopsy cores taken. A survey was distributed after usage of simulator to evaluate its realism and educational value.RESULTS: This research developed a low cost (<£7) TP prostate biopsy bench model simulator for training and education using 3D-printed moulds. We were able to prove face, content and construct validity in this simulator. There was a significant difference (p[0.02) in the accuracy of systematic 12-core ultrasound-guided biopsies between expert and novice groups. There is also significant difference (p[0.01) in the ability of expert group to accurately identify the target lesion on ultrasound. Participants rated the overall realism of the simulator as 4.57 out of 5 (range 3e5). 100% of the experts felt that there is benefit in introducing this simulator in TP prostate biopsy training. 85.7% of the participants strongly agree that the simulator improved their confidence in performing this procedure.CONCLUSIONS: There is value in integrating this proof-ofconcept TP prostate biopsy simulator into training. Its low cost makes its introduction feasible. It has highly rated educational value and was shown to have face, content and construct validity. There is potential in improving patient safety and diagnostic accuracy with this simulator.

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Introduction: Canadian Urological Association (CUA) conferences are held annually across Canada. Guests from across the world attended, contributing to the overall carbon footprint of the conference with their travel and accommodations. This study identified the carbon footprint of each of the 2016 (Vancouver), 2018 (Halifax), and 2019 (Quebec City) CUA conferences to investigate their carbon footprint and help determine the most eco-friendly location to hold future conferences. Methods: Registrant home institution was used to estimate the distance and method of transportation of attendee travel. Carbon footprint was calculated using an online calculator in tons of CO2 equivalents (tCO2). Total attendees, number of attendees driving, number of attendees flying, mean distance travelled per attendee, total carbon footprint, and average carbon footprint per attendee were calculated for each conference. Mean carbon footprint, and mean distance travelled were compared using a Brown-Forsythe ANOVA test, with Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test (α=0.05). Results: Vancouver had the largest number of attendees (n=473; 407 flying, 66 driving), followed by Halifax (n=382; 331 flying, 51 driving), and Quebec City (n=362; 265 flying, 97 driving). The mean distance attendees travelled was greatest for the Vancouver CUA (6041 km/roundtrip) compared to Quebec City (3096 km/roundtrip, p<0.0001) and Halifax (2985 km/roundtrip, p<0.0001). There was no difference in mean distance travelled between Halifax and Quebec City (p=0.95). The highest total carbon footprint was seen in Vancouver (tCO2=447.76), followed by Quebec City (tCO2=217.04) and Halifax (tCO2=182.22). The average footprint per attendee was significantly higher in Vancouver (mean tCO2=1.08) compared to both Quebec City (mean tCO2=0.62, p<0.0001) and Halifax (mean tCO2=0.52, p<0.0001). There was no difference in the average footprint between Halifax and Quebec City (p=0.63). Conclusions: The estimated emissions associated with the Vancouver CUA conference is greater than both the Halifax and Quebec City locations combined. In-person conferences provide several benefits to the urological community. Incorporating environmental considerations into conference planning, such as conference location, could reduce the CUA conference’s overall carbon footprint, mitigating the contribution to rising temperatures and negative health outcomes.