For the most part, experiments designed to show relations between observed behavior and conditions antecedent to the occurrence of the behavior have been limited to single pairs of variables. In such experiments all known antecedent variables except one are held as constant as experimental conditions will permit. This one variable, sometimes called the experimental variable, is varied systematically by the experimenter, and the concomitant changes in the dependent or consequent variable are noted. Nearly all animaldrive studies have been carried out in the fashion just described.Crutchfield (i) has pointed out that generalizations are extremely limited when only a single antecedent variable is used, and that investigation of the interaction of antecedent variables in the determination of behavior is impossible when only one antecedent variable is present in any given experiment. Fitts (5) also has recognized the importance, as well as the difficulties, of experiments involving more than one antecedent variable.The present study is a multi-variable one in that it is designed to show behavior as a mathematical function of two antecedent variables, the degree of training, and the intensity of the hunger drive present at the time the behavior potential is measured. The ap-1 This investigation is a part of the coordinated research program of the Institute of Human Relations, Yale University. The writer is greatly indebted to Professor Clark L. Hull, under whose direction the experiment was carried out, for valuable suggestions and criticisms. A number of intricate curve-fitting problems were colved by Mr. Bengt Carlson. The results of an earlier study by Dr. S. B. Williams are reproduced here with his kind permission. The experimental results of this study were contained in a thesis presented by the writer in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Yale University, 1940. 93

This article presents SoccerStories, a visualization interface to support analysts in exploring soccer data and communicating interesting insights. Currently, most analyses on such data relate to statistics on individual players or teams. However, soccer analysts we collaborated with consider that quantitative analysis alone does not convey the right picture of the game, as context, player positions and phases of player actions are the most relevant aspects. We designed SoccerStories to support the current practice of soccer analysts and to enrich it, both in the analysis and communication stages. Our system provides an overview+detail interface of game phases, and their aggregation into a series of connected visualizations, each visualization being tailored for actions such as a series of passes or a goal attempt. To evaluate our tool, we ran two qualitative user studies on recent games using SoccerStories with data from one of the world's leading live sports data providers. The first study resulted in a series of four articles on soccer tactics, by a tactics analyst, who said he would not have been able to write these otherwise. The second study consisted in an exploratory follow-up to investigate design alternatives for embedding soccer phases into word-sized graphics. For both experiments, we received a very enthusiastic feedback and participants consider further use of SoccerStories to enhance their current workflow.

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This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Abstract-We present BERTIFIER, a web app for rapidly creating tabular visualizations from spreadsheets. BERTIFIER draws from Jacques Bertin's matrix analysis method, whose goal was to "simplify without destroying" by encoding cell values visually and grouping similar rows and columns. Although there were several attempts to bring this method to computers, no implementation exists today that is both exhaustive and accessible to a large audience. BERTIFIER remains faithful to Bertin's method while leveraging the power of today's interactive computers. Tables are formatted and manipulated through crossets, a new interaction technique for rapidly applying operations on rows and columns. We also introduce visual reordering, a semi-interactive reordering approach that lets users apply and tune automatic reordering algorithms in a WYSIWYG manner. Sessions with eight users from different backgrounds suggest that BERTIFIER has the potential to bring Bertin's method to a wider audience of both technical and non-technical users, and empower them with data analysis and communication tools that were so far only accessible to a handful of specialists. Permanent repository link