A method is described which provides standardised reproducible radiographic images of the lower limb. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs are digitised and processed by computer to provide graphic/numeric displays of angles and linear measurements, relating the centre points of the hip, knee, and ankle. Two cases illustrate how surgical planning is facilitated when standardised data are available. These data confirm the close relationship between postoperative limb alignment and positioning of prosthetic elements.

Clinical results with elbow prostheses have been disappointing. A detailed knowledge of elbow joint geometry and mechanics is necessary to improve prosthetic design. In this study, the humeroulnar articulation of four human cadaver elbows was examined using surface analytic methods. In this article, the location of the transverse axis of elbow flexion-extension is suggested in relation to well-defined landmarks, the medial and lateral epicondyles, and subsequently to the line connecting their most lateral points--the transepicondylar line. The geometry of the structures responsible for the carrying angle is discussed, as is the extent of cartilage-covered bearing areas of the lower humerus and upper ulna. Implications pertaining to prosthetic design and surgical technique resulting from this study are discussed.

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A hemiarthroplasty retained, in most cases, joint mobility, strength, and alignment while relieving pain. There was no evidence, at last followup, of component loosening or osteolysis.