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Ozone, a powerful oxidizer effectively kills bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites at a dramatically lower concentration and also has the capacity to stimulate blood circulation, platelets, and immune response. Ozone being biocompatible is used in all aspects of dentistry in gaseous, ozonated water and as ozonated oils. Ozone therapy is a well-established alternative and complementary therapy in most of the European countries. Treatment may be achieved by increasing the resistance of the tooth against the microbial activity and reducing the extent of microbial activity. In addition to the recent materials and techniques, the therapeutic actions of ozone may provide beneficial results by reducing the demineralization of the tooth. The treatment is completely painless and increases the patient's acceptability and compliance with minimal adverse effects. In the present paper, a systematic review was performed on studies investigating the effects of ozone on oral tissues and microorganisms and unveil the uses of ozone in dentistry in all aspects.

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Purpose The biomaterials are natural or synthetic materials used to improve quality of life either by replacing tissue/organ or assisting their function in medical field. The purpose of the study is to analyze the hydroxyapatite (HAP), HAP-TiO2 (25 percent) composite coatings deposited on 316 LSS by High Velocity Flame Spray (HVFS) technique. Design/methodology/approach The coatings exhibit almost uniform and dense microstructure with porosity (HAP = 0.153 and HAP-TiO2 composite = 0.138). Electrochemical corrosion testing was done on the uncoated and coated specimens in Ringer solution (SBF). As-sprayed coatings were characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS and cross-sectional X-ray mapping techniques before and after dipping in Ringer solution. Microhardness of composite coating (568.8 MPa) was found to be higher than HAP coating (353 MPa). Findings During investigations, it was observed that the corrosion resistance of steel was found to have increased after the deposition of HAP and HAP-TiO2 composite coatings. Thus, coatings serve as an effective diffusion barrier to prohibit the diffusion of ions from the SBF into the substrate. Composite coatings have been found to be more corrosion resistant as compared to HAP coating in the simulated body fluid. Research limitations/implications It has been concluded that corrosion resistance of HAP as well as composite coating is because of the desirable microstructural changes such as low porosity high microhardness and flat splat structures in coatings as compared to bare specimen. Practical implications This study is useful in the selection of biomedical implants. Social implications This study is useful in the field of biomaterials. Originality/value No reported literature on corrosion behavior of HAP+ 25%- TiO2 has been noted till now using flame spray technique. The main focus of the study is to investigate the HAP as well as composite coatings for biomedical applications.

Hydroxyapatite Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2 (HAP) is an important inorganic biomaterial which has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Due to its chemical and structural similarity with the mineral phase of bone and teeth, it is widely used for hard tissues repair. Amongst various methods, sol-gel technique has achieved more popularity recently due to synthesis of ceramics powders. The sol-gel process is easily applicable to surface coating as it allows the preparation of high-quality HA thin films on metal substrates. It has been observed from the studies that the protective atmosphere during sintering process accomplished after sol-gel coating produces good uniformity of coating material which significantly leads to a reduction in the porosity of the coating film. In another study it was revealed that mechanical properties of commercial HAP can be significantly improved by adding P 2 O 5 and Na 2 CO 3 without altering its biocompatibility. It has been found from the extensive literature review that homogeneous and crack-free coatings were obtained on biocompatible substrate implant at higher sintering temperatures. The particle size of the HAP powder increases with the increase of the sintering time and sintering temperature. In this paper a review of the studies done for the preparation and deposition of HAP powder with the solgel technique has been detailed.