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Mushroom waste substrates are highly resistant lignocellulosic wastes that are commercially produced by industries after harvesting. These wastes produce large environmental challenges regarding disposal and, thus, require treatment facilities. In the present article, the effect of Eisenia-fetida-based vermicomposting and an effective microorganism solution on the mushroom waste substrate were investigated using four different composting mixtures: mushroom waste [MW] substrate composting with effective microorganisms [MW+EM], raw mushroom waste [RWM] substrate composting with effective microorganisms [RMW+EM], mushroom waste substrate composting with vermicomposting and effective microorganisms [MW+V+EM], and raw mushroom waste substrate composting with vermicomposting and effective microorganisms [RWM+V+EM]. This article discusses the structural and physiochemical changes at four samples for 45 days (almost six weeks) of composting. The physical and chemical parameters were monitored during composting and provided information on the duration of the process. The results indicated pH (7.2~8), NPK value (0.9~1.8), and C:N ratio <14, and heavy metals exhibited a decreasing trend in later stages for all sets of compost materials and showed the maturity level. FTIR spectra revealed that all four samples included peaks for the -OH (hydroxy group) ranging from 3780 to 3500 cm−1 and a ridge indicating the C=C (alkenyl bond) ranging from 1650 to 1620 cm−1 in compost. The X-ray diffraction spectrum clearly shows how earthworms and microbes break down molecules into cellulose compounds, and the average crystallinity size using Scherrer’s equation was found to be between 69.82 and 93.13 nm. Based on the experimental analysis, [RWM+V+EM] accelerated the breakdown of organic matter and showed improvement compared with other composts in compostable materials, thus, emphasizing the critical nature of long-term mushroom waste management and treatment.

Objectives: To evaluate the importance of solar-based Electrocoagulation followed by the filtration process in treating the domestic greywater, analyze each operational process's performance process in highlighting the cost, efficiency and reuse conditions. Analysis: This research aimed to see if the continuous mode EC technique could treat Greywater (GW) with batterypowered solar energy. The EC process running on solar energy is used as a single unit method for Greywater treatment. This explores the hybrid electrocoagulation and filtration process with different electrode material combinations with a flow rate; based on this, and the impact tests are carried out on the flexibility of continuous mode, anode and cathode efficiency. Findings: In this experiment, using a combination of electrodes with different material having continuous flow find about removal efficiencies of different characteristics like COD, Total dissolved solids, Total suspended solids, pH and Turbidity with the variable in the supply of current with fix detention time. Novelty:Experimental approach based on Solar based Electrocoagulation with filtration mechanism is the new concept of approach for treating Domestic Greywater

Water is the vital natural resource for the survival all biotic species. Demand of water is growing day by day as a result of rapid industrialization, production, and growth in population. As a result, it is necessary to look for the alternatives to reduce our freshwater usage. Grey-water treatment appears to be one of the most promising alternatives. The conventional filtration process with sand as a filter media is considered as a cost effective technique for water and waste water treatment. Amongst the various techniques of filtration, the performance of the Multicompartment Sand Filter, a modified version of a sand filter is examined in this paper in four different experimental setups. It is discovered that this sand filter is effective in removing Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids and turbidity with percentage removal of 95.94%, 89.72%% and 64.69%% respectively. This filter is easy to manage, adaptable, compact and cost effective.

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