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Background: Preliminary investigation at Pediatric ward of Indira Gandhi Medical College revealed admission of a cluster of typhoid cases who were residents of one particular street in a nearby locality. Objectives: This study was undertaken to estimate the magnitude of the outbreak, identify the source of infection, and, thereby, institute control measures. Materials and Methods: An investigation team including 10 MBBS students carried out a sanitary survey, house-to-house survey, data collection using epidemiological case sheets, and spot mapping. Typhoid diagnosis was confirmed as per the IDSP guidelines, i.e., either a blood culture growth positive for Salmonella typhi or a fourfold rise in antibody titer. An age-and gender-matched case-control study was conducted to find the association of occurrence of typhoid with various possible sources of infection. Water samples were collected from the affected households and public taps for investigation. Results: Rapid survey of all the 6 streets of Thilaspet covered 1106 people living in 283 households. All nine confirmed cases were residents of one particular street. The attack rate calculated was 3.4% in this street. A significant association of occurrence of typhoid was found only with consumption of raw drinking water (OR = 12.6, P = 0.01). Water samples only from the affected street tested positive for the presence of coliforms. The sanitary survey documented water pipeline breakage at the junction of this street. Further spread of disease was stopped by advocating drinking of boiled water and repair of pipeline. Conclusion: Strengthening of disease surveillance for early identification of localized outbreaks and instituting control measures can effectively control disease spread.

BackgroundResilience is the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress, and it is a predictor of mental health status that specifically indicates self-esteem, perceived social support, emotion-oriented coping, and a sense of personal mastery.The third gender known better as transgender has existed in every culture, race, class, and religion since the inception of human life has been recorded and analyzed. In spite of many advances and reforms, the current plight of transgender is far from being satisfactory. The social integration of transgender with the mainstream community is practically non-existent even today.

Background: Immunization is the cost-effective public health intervention that prevents and protects against vaccine preventable diseases. The objective was to estimate the timeliness in receiving age appropriate vaccines and to study selected factors influencing the timeliness of age appropriate vaccines as per national immunization schedule among children aged 0 to 23 months in a rural area of Pondicherry.Methods: A retrospective study was done at a Community Health Centre, Karikalampakkam, Pondicherry using data from immunization registers of children aged 0 to 23 months, who were born between July 01, 2013 to July 31, 2015. If the child was vaccinated within 7 days of the scheduled time, it was considered as timely vaccination.Results: Out of 679 children, 52% were males and 48% were females. The median days of delay in vaccination were ranged from 1-171 days. The proportion and the median days of delay were increased progressively as the age of the child increased. The place of delivery was significantly associated with birth doses of OPV, Hepatitis B and BCG vaccination. There was a significant difference in timeliness of vaccination across the birth order of the children for the first, second and third doses of OPV and Pentavalent vaccines (p=0.02). Birth weight of the children was not statistically associated with vaccination delay.Conclusions: Delay in vaccination in varying frequency was observed for the vaccines administered under the national immunisation schedule. Hence, the age-appropriate vaccinations should be given up-to-date as well as on time.