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To explore the application of chemical‐looping combustion (CLC) to the distributed medium‐ small‐scale hot water and steam gas‐fueled boilers, a CLC process based on two fixed bed reactors (FBRs) has been proposed. A Cu‐Fe‐based oxygen carrier (OC) was studied to meet the requirements for this process. Results showed that Cu30‐Fe50/Al20 was exothermic both in the reduction step and in the oxidation step, and showed a quite large operating temperature window of 600–900°C. At the lower temperature side, it showed good low temperature reactivity, and at the higher temperature side, it showed strong resistance to carbon deposition, agglomeration, and sintering. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The application of chemical‐looping combustion (CLC) based on fixed‐bed reactors for distributed medium‐ and small‐scale hot‐water and steam gas‐fuelled boilers is promising due to its low NOx emission, high energy efficiency and nearly zero energy consumption in carbon capture. For fixed‐bed reactors, a wide operating temperature window (Tw) for the oxygen carrier (OC) is crucial to ensure the performance and cycle life of the OC. The performance of Cu30–Fe50/Al20‐M combined with different Ni‐based OCs was investigated to extend the Tw(L) of 600°C for Cu30–Fe50/Al20‐M to a lower temperature, which was developed previously. The different Ni‐based OCs would work as CH4 steam reforming catalysts if their required reduction temperatures were significantly lower than the Tw(L) of Cu30–Fe50/Al20‐M. Results showed that a Ni‐based OC of Ni60/Al40‐M could be reduced with CH4/H2O with an S/C of 1.0 at a temperature of 450°C. The combination of Cu30–Fe50/Al20 and Ni25/Al75‐I, which was packed in the bed by a mixing method, exhibited a low‐temperature reactivity and Tw(L) was lowered from 600°C to 490°C. Moreover, carbon deposition and an intermediate compound, NiFe2O4, which was found in a composite OC of Ni–Cu–Fe–/Al, were not detected during the reduction step. Based on the results, a new CLC process, which was characterised by an integrated methane steam reforming in the reduction step, was proposed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Abstract. According to the urgent issues of college physics teaching in the majors of science and engineering in the application undergraduate colleges, this paper presents modular physics teaching content for different majors. Strengthening the inside class practice teaching in teaching process and adjusting the evaluation methods will be helpful to arouse students' passion and initiative, to cultivate students' independent thinking and innovation competence, and to improve the teaching effect.