Au Mali, l'usage des pesticides sur la culture de coton constitue un réel problème de santé publique et pour l'environnement. Cette étude porte sur les risques potentiels correspondant à la « dangerosité » des matières actives présentes dans les pesticides distribués pour le coton. Nous avons recensé 174 pesticides homologués par le Comité sahélien des pesticides (CSP) destinés à la culture du coton, dont 106 insecticides et fongicides et 68 herbicides. Ils sont formulés à partir de 50 matières actives ; 10 sont interdites en Europe et se retrouvent dans 35 produits homologués (soit 20 % des produits disponibles). Un indice de risque de toxicité (IRT) sur la santé des utilisateurs a été calculé pour chacune des 50 matières actives tenant compte de leurs toxicités aiguë et chronique. Il montre que la pendiméthaline et la bifenthrine ont les IRT les plus élevés respectivement pour les herbicides et les insecticides. Un indicateur de contamination des sols et des eaux de surface et souterraine par ces matières actives a été calculé. Il montre qu'une matière active peut présenter un risque important pour la santé et avoir un fort niveau de toxicité pour l'environnement ou avoir un faible impact sur la santé mais présenter un risque élevé pour l'environnement. Une sensibilisation des différents acteurs sur les risques encourus par les pesticides permettrait de réduire leurs impacts sur la santé humaine et l'environnement. Mots clés : coton / pesticides / santé publique / environnement / MaliAbstract -Assessing potential risks regarding pesticides used in cotton production in Mali. In Mali, pesticides used on cotton crops are a real public health and environmental problem. This study presents an analysis of potential risks corresponding to the "dangerousness" of active ingredient present in these pesticides for cotton. We identified 174 pesticides registered by the Sahel Pesticides Committee (CILSS-CSP) for cotton, including 106 insecticides and fungicides and 68 herbicides. They are formulated from 50 active ingredients; 10 are banned in Europe and are found in 35 registered products (20% of available products). For each active ingredient present in these pesticides, a Health Risk Index was calculated for the health of users. This indicator takes into account the acute and chronic toxicities of the different active ingredient. The results of our work show that, for herbicides, pendimethalin has the highest Health Risk Index; for insecticides, it is bifenthrin. We have also identified an indicator of soil, surface water and groundwater contamination by these active ingredients. The results show that an active ingredient could have a significant risk for health and have a high level of toxicity to the environment or have a low impact on health but have a high risk for the environment. Rising awareness among stakeholders about the risks of pesticides would reduce their impact on human health and environment.
In Ziguéna terroir, the combined effects of drought and anthropogenic actions led to the widespread degradation of vegetation cover and of land. This work aimed at characterizing the dynamics of land use and land cover in relation to anthropogenic pressures in Ziguéna terroir. The methodology consisted in identifying and characterizing land use and land cover classes. Landsat images for the years 1986 and 2013 and population data for the years 1987, 1998 and 2009 were used. Visual interpretation of the images and post-classification comparison of the results were used to generate land use and land cover classes and calculate their rate of change. The results reveal that the natural vegetation has lost 55% of its original coverage (1514.3 ha) between 1987 and 2013. During the same period, the agricultural area increased by 47% (1608 ha). The projection of land use and land cover classes predicted an increase of agricultural land of about 34.60% by year 2030 compared to its coverage of year 2013 (+1191.03 ha) at the expense of natural vegetation which will lose about 40.63% of its coverage (-1121.70 ha). The dynamics of agricultural land is strongly linked to population growth rates with a correlation coefficient r equal to 0.99. This confirms a strong anthropogenic influence on land use and land cover dynamics. The results show the usefulness of remote sensing for mapping land use and land cover. Nevertheless it would be interesting to take into account the socioeconomic aspects for proper understanding of the dynamics.
The natural resources in FINA reserve of Mali are undergoing intense degradation coupled with increased human pressure on the reserve. Vegetation in this reserve is severely threatened. Existing inventories regarding such threats are currently out dated. There is, therefore, a crucial need to assess land use and land cover change in the reserve. The methodological approach in this study has combined LULC change detection with LULC intensity analysis. Using Landsat images, intensity analysis model was utilised in detecting changes in land use and land cover in the reserve, and the changes were evaluated in relation to agricultural activities in the reserve. The results revealed an increase in agricultural land by 2-4% per annum and a decrease in savannah wood land by 2% per year from 1985 to 2013. Bare land and Savannah woodland were found to be gradually replaced by agricultural land. The observed transition of vegetation cover to agricultural land indicates the extent of human pressure on the reserve. Consequently, to preserve these ecosystems, there is the need to initiate and implement measures aimed at limiting cultivation and other human activities in the reserve. These measures should integrate food production and forestry, as well as involve rural community participation through appropriate incentives.
This chapter describes the agricultural systems of Mali, including the agroecological zones (AEZ), and the current soil fertility management. The chapter then provides a diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies in the region. Further, the chapter presents information on optimizing fertilizer use and fertilizer use optimization tools for Mali. Finally, the chapter enumerates targeted crops and cropping systems by AEZ.
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