No abstract

Developing nondopaminergic palliative treatments for Parkinson's disease represents a major challenge to avoid the debilitating side effects produced by L-DOPA therapy. Increasing interest is addressed to the selective targeting of group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors that inhibit transmitter release at presumably overactive synapses in the basal ganglia. Here we characterize the functional action of a new orthosteric group III mGlu agonist, LSP1-2111, with a preferential affinity for mGlu4 receptor. In mouse brain slices, LSP1-2111 inhibits striatopallidal GABAergic transmission by selectively activating the mGlu4 receptor but has no effect at a synapse modulated solely by the mGlu7 and mGlu8 receptors. Intrapallidal LSP1-2111 infusion reverses the akinesia produced by nigrostriatal dopamine depletion in a reaction time task, whereas an mGlu8-receptor agonist has no effect. Finally, systemic administration of LSP1-2111 counteracts haloperidol-induced catalepsy, opening promising perspectives for the development of antiparkinsonian therapeutic strategies focused on orthosteric mGlu4-receptor agonists.

RNA interference (RNAi) has become an important tool in functional genomics and has an intriguing therapeutic potential. However, the current design of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is not optimal for in vivo applications. Non-ionic phosphate backbone modifications may have the potential to improve the properties of siRNAs, but are little explored in RNAi technologies. Using X-ray crystallography and RNAi activity assays, the present study demonstrates that 3′-CH2-CO-NH-5′ amides are excellent replacements for phosphodiester internucleoside linkages in RNA. The crystal structure shows that amide-modified RNA forms a typical A-form duplex. The amide carbonyl group points into the major groove and assumes an orientation that is similar to the P–OP2 bond in the phosphate linkage. Amide linkages are well hydrated by tandem waters linking the carbonyl group and adjacent phosphate oxygens. Amides are tolerated at internal positions of both the guide and passenger strand of siRNAs and may increase the silencing activity when placed near the 5′-end of the passenger strand. As a result, an siRNA containing eight amide linkages is more active than the unmodified control. The results suggest that RNAi may tolerate even more extensive amide modification, which may be useful for optimization of siRNAs for in vivo applications.