Largemouth bass (LMB), Micropterus salmoides, are a highly desirable food fish especially among Asian populations in large cities throughout North America. The primary production method for food‐size LMB (>500 g) has been outdoor ponds that require two growing seasons (18 mo). Indoor, controlled‐environment production using recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) technologies could potentially reduce the growout period by maintaining ideal temperatures year‐round. Researchers conducted a 26‐wk study to evaluate optimal stocking densities for growout of second‐year LMB to food‐fish size in an indoor RAS. LMB fingerlings (112.0 ± 38.0 g) were randomly stocked into nine 900‐L tanks to achieve densities of 30, 60, or 120 fish/m3 with three replicate tanks per density. The RAS consisted of a 3000‐L sump, ¼ hp pump, bead filter for solids removal, mixed‐moving‐bed biofilter for nitrification, and a 400‐watt ultraviolet light for sterilization. Fish were fed a commercially available floating diet (45% protein and 16% lipid) once daily to apparent satiation. At harvest, all fish were counted, individually weighed, and measured. Total biomass densities significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) with stocking rate achieving 6.2, 13.2, and 22.9 kg/m3 for fish stocked at 20, 60, and 120 fish/m3, respectively. The stocking densities evaluated had no significant impact (P > 0.05) on survival, average harvest weight, or feed conversion ratio which averaged 92.9 ± 5.8%, 294.5 ± 21.1 g, and 1.8 ± 0.3, respectively. After approximately 6 mo of culture, LMB did not attain target weights of >500 g. Observed competition among fish likely resulted in large size variability and overall poor growth compared to second‐year growth in ponds. Additional research is needed to better assess the suitability of LMB for culture in RAS.

Older adults are the main users of medications. However, they are usually excluded from clinical trials due to comorbidity and polypharmacy. Older adults, especially those 75 years and older, are underrepresented in clinical trials. This creates a unique opportunity to use RWE to improve the quantity and quality of drug information for geriatric patients. The quality of RWD is critical to have information on patient population, comparator, measurement, and endpoints. Data linkage is encouraged if key variables are not included in one data source. In addition, external controls based on RWE can be used when clinical trials are unethical or impractical. They can be applied for older adults, rare diseases, and under-represented minorities. For conditions common in older adults (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, lung cancer, and osteoporosis), RWE is greatly needed for all geriatric age groups. The entire spectrum of geriatric populations could identify age differences in efficacy and safety outcomes.