Decisions to trust in strategic situations involve ambiguity (unknown probabilities). Despite many theoretical studies on ambiguity in game theory, empirical studies have lagged behind due to a lack of measurement methods, where separating ambiguity attitudes from beliefs is crucial. Baillon et al. (Econometrica, 2018b) introduced a method that allows for such a separation for individual choice. We extend this method to strategic situations and apply it to the trust game, providing new insights. People's ambiguity attitudes and beliefs both matter for their trust decisions. People who are more ambiguity averse decide to trust less, and people with more optimistic beliefs about others' trustworthiness decide to trust more. However, people who are more a-insensitive (insufficient discrimination between different likelihood levels) are less likely to act upon their beliefs. Our measurement of beliefs, free from contamination by ambiguity attitudes, shows that traditional introspective trust survey measures capture trust in the commonly accepted sense of belief in trustworthiness of others. Further, trustworthy people also decide to trust more due to their beliefs that others are similar to themselves. This paper shows that applications of ambiguity theories to game theory can bring useful new empirical insights.

The formation mechanisms, phase stability, impurity incorporation, and morphological characteristics of lead niobates obtained by molten salt synthesis were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive analysis. Results indicate that PbO is the fastdissolving component of the constituent oxides and that the formation of lead niobates initiates at the surface of N b z 0 5 powders. Reaction rates were faster in molten salts when compared to those of solid-state synthesis. Significant morphological differences were observed between the powders prepared by both solid-state and molten salt synthesis. At low PbO/Nbz05 molar ratios, reaction between starting powders and molten salts resulted in the formation of NaNb03, along with potassium incorporation into lead niobates. Orthorhombic PbNb206, monoclinic PbzNbz07, and fcc Pb3Nb308 phases were stabilized using molten salt synthesis, while only rhombohedra1 PbNbz06 and PbZNbz07, and tetragonal Pb3NbzOa, were obtained by solid-state synthesis. Molten salt compositions containing PbO/NbZO5 ratios of 2 and 3 resulted in the stabilization of phases different from those obtained using solid-state synthesis. For a PbO/Nbz05 ratio equal to 3, Pb5Nb4OI3 observed in solidstate synthesis was not found in the products of molten salt synthesis. [

Articles you may be interested inXray photoelectron spectroscopy study on composition and structure of solgel derived PbTiO3 thin films J. Appl. Phys. 80, 202 (1996) The effects of ion bombardment on multicomponent oxides, such as PbTiO 3 , and multilayer systems have been extensively studied by an in situ stress measurement technique. Energetic ion bombardment was found to accelerate PbTiO 3 formation. Both the annealing temperature and the time needed for completion of the reaction were reduced. The apparent activation energy responsible for stress relaxation was found to be 310 kJ/mole for ion-assisted deposition ͑IAD͒ films, which is 120 kJ/mole higher than that for non-IAD films. This was attributed to stress reduction in PbTiO 3 thin films resulting from ion bombardment. In addition, effects of ion bombardment on the stress of as-deposited multilayers, on the stress development in multilayers during annealing, and on the structure-property-processing interrelationships were also investigated.

Articles you may be interested inXray photoelectron spectroscopy study on composition and structure of solgel derived PbTiO3 thin films J. Appl. Phys. 80, 202 (1996) Stress relaxation in PbTiO 3 films was investigated by the in situ stress measurement technique. A simple viscous flow model was successfully used to interpret the kinetics and behavior of stress relaxation of PbTiO 3 thin films. The activation energy responsible for stress relaxation was estimated to be 190 kJ/mole, which was accounted for by the lattice diffusion of vacancies. A Nabarro-Herring creep model was successfully employed to correlate the relationships among the viscosity, lattice diffusion coefficient, and grain size of the PbTiO 3 films, and an estimate of the lattice diffusion coefficient of vacancy motion during relaxation was obtained. Also, the observed time required for complete relaxation was found to be in accord with theoretical values. Hillock formation resulting from grain boundary sliding is believed to contribute to stress relaxation in its early stage. Thereafter, grain growth resulting from lattice diffusion is believed to play a major role in the stress relaxation.

The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate an in–situ stress measurement technique for the study of formation kinetics of multicomponent thin films such as PbTiO3. Film stress–temperature and film stress–time plots have been successfully used to monitor the phase formation of PbTiO3 films in a in–situ way. It is believed that the mechanism of this reaction was dominated by grain boundary diffusion of the participating cations. The activation energy of the PbTiO3 phase formation from PbO/TiO2 double layers was estimated to be 108 kcal/mole.