In recent years, the number of embedded software has grown rapidly because embedded systems have become essential in our life. However, embedded software is tightly coupled with hardware and operating systems and often lacks structure, which makes embedded software complicated and difficult to understand and test. In this paper, we apply modelbased testing technique to embedded software. A test model is presented to support structural analysis and testing for embedded software. Moreover, a tool is developed to automate the construction of the proposed test model and the testing of embedded software. A case study is presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed model-based testing approach.

This paper presents the comparative study carried out for focused waves interaction with the fixed cylinder in ISOPE 2020. The paper discusses qualitative and quantitative comparison between 20 different numerical solvers from various universities across the world for a fixed cylinder. The moving cylinder cases are reported in the companion paper as Part B. The numerical solvers presented in this paper are recent state of the art in the field, mostly developed in-house by various academic institutes. Majority of the participants used hybrid modeling, i.e. a combination of potential flow and Navier-Stokes solvers. The qualitative comparison based on the wave probe and pressure probe time histories and spectral components between laminar, turbulent and potential flow solvers are presented in this paper. Furthermore, the quantitative error analysis based on the overall relative error in peak and phase shift in the wave probe and pressure probe of all the 20 different solvers are reported. The quantitative error with respect to different spectral component energy level (i.e., in primary, sub and super harmonic region) capturing capability are reported. Thus, the paper discusses about maximum, minimum and median relative error present in the recent solvers for application to industrial problems rather than attempting to find the best solver. Further, recommendations are drawn based on the analysis.

The authors present an algorithm called P-C-GA (Parallel layered Complex method and Genetic Algorithm), which was based on delicate variables’ segments, parallel calculation thinking, genetic and complex algorithm, it had been applied on optimizing integrate the performance of navigational performance reliability and structure characteristic reliability by the computer programming language VC++. A large number of computation results in different solving methods show that compared with other methods such as chaos, GA and parallel GA algorithm, this algorithm is reliable and efficient.

Bow shape has been recognized as an important factor influencing the seakeeping performance and added resistance of ships. This paper presents a numerical comparative study on added resistance and seakeeping of model ships with ‘X-bow’ and a wave-piercing monohull in regular head waves using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Different wave heights, wavelengths and forward speeds are considered in the systematic investigation in order to characterize the added resistance and wave-induced motions, and to explore the local wave patterns. The results show a considerably different hydrodynamic characteristic by different bow shapes.