Stream temperature is a critical parameter for understanding hydrological and biological processes in stream ecosystems. Although a large body of research has addressed the effects of forest harvesting on stream temperature, less is known about the responses of stream temperature to the practice of strip-thinning, which produces more coherent patches of shade and sunlight areas. In this study, we examined stream temperature response to 50% strip-thinning in a 17 ha headwater catchment. The thinning lines extended through the riparian zone. Paired-catchment analysis was applied to estimate changes in daily maximum, mean, and minimum stream temperatures for the first year following treatment. Significant effects on daily maximum stream temperature were found for April to August, ranging from 0.6 °C to 3.9 °C, similar to the magnitude of effect found in previous studies involving 50% random thinning. We conducted further analysis to identify the thermal response variability in relation to hydrometeorological drivers. Multiple regression analysis revealed that treatment effects for maximum daily stream temperature were positively related to solar radiation and negatively related to discharge. Frequent precipitation during the summer monsoon season produced moderate increases in discharge (from 1 to 5 mm day−1), mitigating stream temperature increases associated with solar radiation. Catchment hydrologic response to rain events can play an important role in controlling stream thermal response to forest management practices.

We examined stream temperature response to 50% strip-thinning of a 20-to 50-year-old Japanese cedar and cypress plantation in a 17-ha headwater catchment. The thinning lines extended through the riparian zone. Paired-catchment analysis was applied to estimate changes in daily maximum, mean, and minimum stream temperatures for the first year following treatment. Significant effects on daily maximum stream temperature were found for April to August, ranging from 0.6 to 3.9°C, similar to the magnitude of effect found in previous studies involving 50% random thinning. Multiple regression analysis revealed that treatment effects for maximum daily stream temperature were positively related to solar radiation and negatively related to discharge. Frequent precipitation during the summer monsoon season produced moderate increases in discharge (from 1 to 5 mm day-1), which mitigates stream temperature increases associated with solar radiation. Catchment hydrologic response to rain events can play an important role in controlling stream thermal response to forest management practices.

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<p>Skid trail and heavy machinery for forest practice becoming more common for effective forest practices, but these causes soil disturbance in the forest, leading to a sudden increase in the amount of suspended sediment during and post thinning. The discharged sediment can flow into the river and may cause downstream water pollution. To evaluate the effect of thinning on sediment production, sediment fingerprinting techniques can be an effective tool for proper forest practices. In Tochigi prefecture in Japan, in addition to the Cs-137 by global fallout and Pb-210ex, additional FRN, the Fukushima-derived Cs-137 and Cs-134 on March 2011 are available, but few studies are available for combining use of Fukushima-derived radiocesium and fallout Pb-210ex. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the transport of the fine sediment in the forest pre- and post- thinning with using fingerprinting techniques.</p> <p>The study area is Mt. Karasawa, located 180 km southwest of the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Tochigi prefecture. The fallout inventory of Cs-137 and Cs-134 is 8 kBq/m<sup>2</sup>(Kato et al, 2012). The study site has two catchments which are called K2(17ha) and K3(9ha) respectively and the observation period was from August 2010 to August 2019. In K2, strip thinning was performed with heavy machines from June to October 2011 while randomly thinning without heavy machines was applied for K3 from January to March 2013.Soil samples were collected from the slope surface, skid trail and stream bed, which are the possible sources of suspended sediment. The suspended sediment concentration was measured based on the data of the turbidity censor installed in the stream. The particle size distribution and radionuclide concentration of sediment collected from SS sampler and soil samples are also measured. Hysteresis analysis based on suspended sediment concentration and flow rate and fingerprinting using Fukushima-derived Cs-137, Cs-134, and Pb-210ex was applied to determine the contribution of the slope surface layer and streambed to suspended sediment. By using the difference in the depth distribution of Cs-134 and Cs-137, the production source depth of suspended sediment was estimated.</p> <p>In the K2 catchment where strip thinning was performed with heavy machinery, suspended sediment concentration during high flow period was rapidly increased up to 2833 mg/L during thinning period and then decreased down to 503 mg/L. On the other hand, in the controlled catchment(K3), no increase in suspended sediment concentration was observed during the same period. By using End- Members Mixing analysis, we found that the contribution of suspended sediment from hillslope increased (from 22% to 50%) more than the stream bed (30%) in the thinning period. Since 2014, the trend has reversed and in 2019, the contribution from the streambed is dominant (50%), and the contribution from slope is decreasing (28%).</p>

We examined changes in catchment-scale annual and seasonal evapotranspiration after 50% strip thinning, using runoff data from headwater catchments. The shortterm water balance (STWB) method between periods from 8 to 100 days was applied to the treated (K T ) and control (K C ) catchments. The estimated evapotranspiration during the pre-and post-thinning periods were 840 and 910 and 780 and 860 mm/ year in the catchments K T and K C , respectively. According to a paired catchment analysis of estimated evapotranspiration, monthly evapotranspiration increased from 3 to 20 mm from June to December, while it decreased from 7 to 31 mm from January to May. The estimated annual and monthly evapotranspiration was compatible with the values monitored in the plot-scale interception, canopy transpiration, and ground surface evapotranspiration. Our findings showed that the decreases in evapotranspiration due to 50% thinning were similar or different in different methods of measurement when compared with thinning in the other catchments around the world. The STWB model can evaluate the effects of timber harvesting on changes in evapotranspiration (ET), including the reproduction of seasonal patterns of ET.