In the Lower Mekong Basin, paddy fields often appear as mosaics, with soil mounds covered by trees or other plants in a spotty distribution. These soil mounds are commonly named termite 'lenticular mounds' because termite bioturbation is considered to be at their origin. Termite mounds host a large diversity of animals and plants, increasing landscape patchiness. Because the preservation of these islands of biodiversity is threatened by modern agricultural practices, the aim of this study was to quantify their abundance and the services they provide to the local population. The abundance of mounds and their use by the population were quantified in a catchment in Cambodia. We found that mounds density reached ~2 mounds ha −1 . Interviews carried out within the catchment showed that most of the interviewees used mounds for increasing the fertility of their field and for the cultivation of rice and other plants (e.g. sponge gourd and pumpkin).In addition to their potential to increase plant productivity, the survey revealed that animals (rats and snakes), mushrooms and 13 plant species found on or in mounds were consumed by the population. In addition to potentially contributing to an increase in food diversity, mounds also impacted farmers' health by allowing access to 20 medicinal plant species and indirectly via a reduction in pesticide use. In conclusion, this study is the first attempt to quantify the large number of services provided by termite mounds in Cambodia.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><span>The utilization of termite mounds for the improvement of soil fertility is a worldwide practice and usually explained by the specific properties of this biogenic material. In Cambodia, farmers also use termite mound soils as amendments with the aim to improve the fertility of paddy fields. The first objective of this study was, therefore, to describe the physical and chemical properties of this material and, consequently, to determine its potential for improving soil fertility. A second objective was to consider farmer’s perception and to quantify the diversity of services provided by termite mounds. We confirmed the specific soil properties of termite mounds but showed that their positive influence on soil chemical fertility and water retention are only significant in very sandy soil (>80% sand) while they remain limited in less sandy soil (~40 and 60% of sand). However, termite mounds are considered useful by farmers independently of the soil condition, mostly because this soil material is considered to positively increase soil fertility but also because they host a specific biodiversity which can be used for medicinal purposes or because consumed, then increasing population livelihood. Our work shows the discrepancy between the perception of farmers and the real impact of termite mounds on soil fertility as well as the diversity of services delivered by biodiversity in paddy fields. </span></p>

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