The western tropical Pacific gives birth to 23 tropical cyclones annually, bringing torrential rainfall to mountainous islands across Oceania resulting in a global sediment production hotspot, in which many rivers have great hyperpycnal potential. By using a temperature (T) and salinity (S) profiler, we observed anomalously warm, low salinity turbid water at 3000–3700 m depths in seas ∼180 km off southwestern Taiwan immediately after Typhoon Morakot in 2009. This 250m‐thick bottom‐hugging water occupies ∼2400 km2, and contains 0.15% freshwater, suggesting a remarkably high fraction (6–10%) of event rainfall from southwestern Taiwan. These characteristics indicate the turbid water originated from shallow coastal waters via hyperpycnal flow. Apparently, sediment produced from the land during tropical cyclones open an “express gate” to convey heat and freshwater vertically to the deep ocean basin subsequently warming the deep water from the bottom up.
An efficient finite volume method is developed for the phase-field simulation of two-dimensional dendritic growth in a forced flow at various supercoolings. The adaptive nature of the method allows the dendrite in a large domain to evolve secondary structures, even at low supercoolings. In addition to good agreement with previous calculations on the tip shape and speed, the effects of forced flow at various supercoolings are investigated and compared with the Oseen-Ivantsov solution and good agreement is found. The steady dendrite shape in all cases continues to have a self-affine nature and the invariant scaling parameters are in good agreement with the estimation.
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