Six types of biochar (BSB, CSB, FSB, CFSB, MSB, and TSB) were prepared from different raw materials by loading magnesium ions (Mg 2+ ) via an impregnation process. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of heavy metals at high concentrations were analyzed. The adsorption mechanisms were investigated by zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy− energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma−atomic absorption spectroscopy analyses. The adsorption of heavy metals by BSB, CSB, FSB, CFSB, MSB, and TSB conformed to the Langmuir model and PS-order. The maximum theoretical saturation adsorption capacities for Cd(II), Cu(II), and

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