Fifty-eight porcelain samples in Guan ware style from the collections of the Palace Museum in Beijing were analysed using non-destructive ED-XRF. These included 40 vessels that were traditionally ascribed as Guan wares of the Song Dynasty, and 18 vessels traditionally ascribed as imitation Guan wares, made during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The purposes of this study were: (1) to cross-check the traditional identification of these wares with the new classification based on their chemical compositions; and (2) to carry out a provenance study of the authentic Song Guan wares-that is, to compare the chemical compositions of the authentic Song Guan wares with those of the shards unearthed from the known Guan ware kilns of the Song Dynasty. This study shows that: (1) the chemical compositions of the glaze are significantly different between the Song Guan wares and the imitation wares-among the 58 wares tested, seven are likely to have been misidentified by the traditional method; and (2) the glaze compositions of the authentic Song Guan wares themselves are not homogeneous, and they can be divided into three groups. The provenance of these groups was briefly investigated.

Non-destructive EDXRF analysis has been carried out to measure the body compositions of 32 pieces of 'original' Song Guan ware and 14 pieces of Guan-type ware of Ming and Qing imitation from the Palace Museum collection. The purpose of this study is to test the conclusions of our previous provenance study based on EDXRF analysis of glaze composition of the same samples. In agreement with the grouping derived from the glaze composition, our new data show the following. (1) Samples