Internal electrode resistance plays a role affecting the power capability of electric double-layer capacitors. Capacitor cells made of activated carbon cloth are analyzed using ac impedance spectroscopy. To reduce the internal resistance, carbon nanotubes ͑CNTs͒ are grafted on the carbon cloth via sputtering catalyst seeding, followed by chemical vapor deposition with CH 4 . The impedance spectra of the assembled capacitor cells showed that the internal resistance of the electrodes was significantly reduced from 0.9 to 0 ⍀. In addition to the increase in the electronic conductivity, the introduction of CNTs also enhanced the utilization factor of the carbon electrode, thus leading to a more efficient double-layer formation inside carbon micropores. Constant phase element analysis of the capacitive behavior in micropores showed that the deviation from ideality was less significant for the carbon cloth grafted with CNTs. This developed CNT-grafting technique significantly promoted the power performance of carbon cloth by enhancing the transport of both electrons and ions in the assembled capacitor cells. At a current density as high as 150 mA cm −2 , a capacitance loss of only 7% ͑compared to the ultimate value͒ was obtained for the CNT-grafted carbon cloth.Electric double-layer capacitors ͑EDLCs͒ are electrochemical devices that fill up the gap between batteries and conventional capacitors. 1-4 This unique feature allows a wide range of applications for power and energy requirements. EDLCs are fabricated using activated carbon as the electrodes, in which the energy is stored due to the separation of electronic and ionic charges across the carbon/electrolyte interface. 1-25 During the polarization of an EDLC, energy dissipation occurs as a result of electrons traveling in the carbon film and ions diffusing in the solution bulk and carbon pores. 5,9 The resistance for ion diffusion in activated carbon electrodes has been extensively discussed. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] The internal electrode resistance for electron conduction, however, has not received much attention. The present work intends to elucidate the influence of the internal resistance and provides a means to significantly enhance the conductivity of carbon electrodes.
Dexmedetomidine at clinically relevant doses had no significant effect in attenuating VILI. In contrast, dexmedetomidine at a dose approximately 10 times higher than the clinical dose significantly attenuated VILI. These effects of dexmedetomidine were mediated, at least in part, by the alpha2-adrenergic receptor.
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