This work presents a feasible galvanostat method using a copper working electrode that was individually operated at two different rotation speeds to accurately predict the filling performance of a copper plating formula for microvia filling. This approach is based on the convection-dependent adsorption ͑CDA͒ of additives. Of six copper-plating formulas, formulated to examine the applicability of this method, four were effective for bottom-up filling and two were ineffective. In contrast with the microvia cross sections, it was demonstrated that this approach is effective to evaluate the workability of a plating formula in microvia filling. A relationship between the filling performance and the leveler concentration of a plating formula that was composed of polyethylene glycol, bis͑3-sulfopropyl͒ disulfide, and Janus Green B was also examined by using the galvanostatic measurement. The final results showed that the variation trend of the filling performance with the leveler concentration coincided with that of the potential difference obtained from the galvanostatic measurement.

The influence of different iron carbides on the activity and selectivity of iron-based Fischer−Tropsch catalysts has been studied. Different iron carbide phases are obtained by the pretreatment of a binary Fe/SiO 2 model catalyst (prepared by coprecipitation method) to different gas atmospheres (syngas, CO, or H 2 ). The phase structures, compositions, and particle sizes of the catalysts are characterized systematically by XRD, XAFS, MES, and TEM. It is found that in the syngas-treated catalyst only χ-Fe 5 C 2 carbide is formed. In the CO-treated catalyst, Fe 7 C 3 and χ-Fe 5 C 2 with a bimodal particle size distribution are formed, while the H 2 -treated catalyst exhibits the bimodal size distributed ε-Fe 2 C and χ-Fe 5 C 2 after a Fischer−Tropsch synthesis (FTS) reaction. The intrinsic FTS activity is calculated and assigned to each corresponding iron carbide based on the phase composition and the particle size. It is identified that Fe 7 C 3 has the highest intrinsic activity (TOF = 4.59 × 10 −2 s −1 ) among the three candidate carbides (ε-Fe 2 C, Fe 7 C 3 , and χ-Fe 5 C 2 ) in typical medium-temperature Fischer−Tropsch (MTFT) conditions (260−300 °C, 2−3 MPa, and H 2 /CO = 2). Moreover, FTS over ε-Fe 2 C leads to the lowest methane selectivity.

We use Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate generic scaling aspects of classical phase transitions approached through a quench (or annealing) protocol where the temperature changes as a function of time with velocity v. Using a generalized Kibble-Zurek ansatz, we demonstrate dynamic scaling for different types of stochastic dynamics (Metropolis, Swendsen-Wang, and Wolff) on Ising models in two and higher dimensions. We show that there are dual scaling functions governing the dynamic scaling, which together describe the scaling behavior in the entire velocity range v ∈ [0, ∞). These functions have asymptotics corresponding to the adiabatic and diabatic limit, and close to these limits they are perturbative in v and 1/v, respectively. Away from their perturbative domains, both functions cross over into the same universal power-law scaling form governed by the static and dynamic critical exponents (as well as an exponent characterizing the quench protocol). As a by-product of the scaling studies, we obtain high-precision estimates of the dynamic exponent z for the two-dimensional Ising model subject to the three variants of Monte Carlo dynamics; for single-spin Metropolis updates zM = 2.1767(5), for Swendsen-Wang multi-cluster updates zSW = 0.297(3), and for Wolff singlecluster updates zW = 0.30(2). For Wolff dynamics, we find an interesting behavior with a non-analytic breakdown of the quasi-adiabatic and diabatic scaling, instead of the generic smooth cross-over described by a power law. We interpret this disconnect between the two scaling regimes as a dynamic phase transition of the Wolff algorithm, caused by an effective sudden loss of ergodicity at high velocity.