In light of the targets set out by the Paris Climate Agreement and the global energy sector's ongoing transition from fossil fuels to renewables, the chemical industry is searching for innovative ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of ammonia. To address this need, research and development is under way around the world to replace the century-old Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ammonia from N 2 and H 2 , powered by renewable electricity. This involves replacing H 2 obtained from steam-reformed CH 4 to H 2 that is instead obtained from electrolyzed H 2 O. This transition will enable the changeover from the Haber-Bosch production of NH 3 to electrochemical, plasma chemical, thermochemical, and photochemical generation of NH 3 . If ammonia can eventually be produced directly from N 2 and H 2 O powered by just sunlight, at a technologically significant scale, efficiency, and cost, in a ''solar ammonia refinery,'' green ammonia can change the world! Ammonia Background Fritz Haber, a German chemist, Nobel Laureate in chemistry 1918, invented a way to make the nitrogen in air available to plants by converting it, together with hydrogen, into ammonia. Working with Carl Bosch at BASF in Ludwigshafen, Germany, he developed the heterogeneous catalytic Haber-Bosch process, 1-5 which first operated on an industrial scale for the production of ammonia in 1913. For developing this process, Carl Bosch received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931. Surprisingly, the best catalyst for the production of ammonia, discovered by Alwin Mittasch, was found to have a composition similar to ''Gallivare'' magnetite, a multi-component iron ore from northern Sweden with a composition composed of Fe 3 O 4 , CaO, Al 2 O 3 , MgO, and Cr 2 O 3 component metal oxides.

Adoptive cell therapy represents a new paradigm in cancer immunotherapy but can be limited by poor persistence and function of transferred T cells 1. Here, through an in vivo pooled CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis screening, we demonstrate that CD8 + T cells are reprogrammed to long-lived effector cells with extensive accumulation, better persistence and robust effector function in tumors by targeting Regnase-1. Regnase-1-deficient CD8 + T cells show markedly improved therapeutic efficacy against mouse melanoma and leukemia. Through a secondary genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we identify BATF as the key target of Regnase-1 and a rheostat in shaping antitumor responses. Loss of BATF suppresses the elevated accumulation and mitochondrial fitness of Regnase-1-deficient CD8 + T cells. Conversely, we reveal that targeting additional signaling factors including PTPN2 and SOCS1 improves the therapeutic efficacy of Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

Metal oxides with their myriad compositions, structures and bonding exhibit an incredibly diverse range of properties. It is however the defects in metal oxides that endow them with a variety of functions and it is the ability to chemically tailor the type, population and distribution of defects on the surface and in the bulk of metal oxides that delivers utility in different applications. In this Tutorial Review, we discuss how metal oxides with designed defects can be synthesized and engineered, to enable heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of gaseous carbon dioxide to chemicals and fuels. If this approach to utilization and valorization of carbon dioxide could be developed at industrially significant rates, efficiencies and scales and made economically competitive with fossil-based chemicals and fuels, then carbon dioxide refineries envisioned in the future would be able to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, ameliorate climate changes, provide energy security and enable protection of the environment. This would bring the vision of a sustainable future closer to reality.

water. [1] Furthermore, looking into the future, increasing amounts of fresh water will be required to account for population growth, greenhouse gas induced climate change, contamination of freshwater resources, industrial expansion, and agricultural activities. It has been reported that the only methods capable of meeting the increasing demands for freshwater supply are desalination and water reuse. [2] Of these, seawater and brackish water desalination offers a seemingly unlimited and high-quality water supply since 71% of the planet's surface is covered by ocean. Presently, two of the most successful commercialized technologies for water desalination are the multistage flash (MSF) distillation and reverse osmosis (RO) processes. [3] The MSF process is being gradually replaced by the RO process since it produces large quantities of fresh water while consuming less electric energy and having a smaller CO 2 footprint. [4] In the past two decades, numerous large-scale seawater desalination plants based on the RO processes have been built worldwide to harvest available water resources, and the global water production by desalination is projected to exceed 38 billion m 3 per year in 2016. [5] Compared to conventional drinking water treatment processes (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection), seawater desalination consumes a greater amount of electric energy, and thus emits a larger quantity of greenhouse gases. [4] Moreover, a large number of marine organisms, especially juvenile-stage fish, are killed during the seawater intake process. [6] In addition, electric power and centralized water desalination maybe unavailable for the RO process in some remote and rural areas.To overcome these two disadvantages of the RO process, a new concept, named "Air-Water Interface Solar Heating" (AWISH), has been employed for seawater desalination by modifying the old "Solar Distillation Seawater Desalination" (SDSD) process. [7,8] In this conceptually new process, black materials that are capable of efficiently absorbing the solar irradiance and converting it to heat energy are coated on meshes, gauzes or other floating supports. To date, black materials that have been investigated to function as solar-thermal absorbers in AWISH desalination apparatuses include Fe 3 O 4 /C, [8] carbon nanoparticles, [9] black gold, [10] polypyrrole, [7] aluminum nanoparticles, [11] hollow TiO x (x < 2) nanoparticles with tunable colors from white to gray to bluegray to black are synthesized by magnesium (Mg) reduction of white P25 TiO 2 nanocrystals followed by removal of excess Mg with aqueous HCl and distilled water. Increasing amounts of Mg smoothly decrease the oxygen content in TiO x which is responsible for the gradual increase in light absorption and concomitant darkening of its color from white to black with decreasing values of x. The as-synthesized TiO x nanoparticles are spin-coated onto the surface of a stainless steel mesh followed by surface superhydrophobization in order to test their performance as a solar water...

Herein we introduce a straightforward, low cost, scalable, and technologically relevant method to manufacture an all-carbon, electroactive, nitrogen-doped nanoporous-carbon/carbon-nanotube composite membrane, dubbed "HNCM/CNT". The membrane is demonstrated to function as a binder-free, high-performance gas diffusion electrode for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO to formate. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) for the production of formate is 81 %. Furthermore, the robust structural and electrochemical properties of the membrane endow it with excellent long-term stability.