This study reports the effect of liposome particle size at the nanoscale and bilayer deformability on the permeation through MatTek human skin equivalents and provides a comparative quantitative measure through calculation of diffusion coefficients. Exploring DOPC and DPPC fluorescent liposomes, our results demonstrate the faster diffusion of 50 nm liposomes compared with 100 and 200 nm liposomes when the lipid bilayer remains the same. Diffusion kinetics of the 50 nm particles appear not to depend on the rigidity of the lipid layer, whereas diffusion of particles larger than 100 nm is significantly affected by the rigidity of the bilayer, and DOPC liposomes diffuse faster than their DDPC equivalents. Our results suggest that liposomes composed of a rigid bilayer can be expected to remain intact after passing through the stratum corneum.

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Recently, deep learning has achieved great success in visual tracking tasks, particularly in single-object tracking. This paper provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art single-object tracking algorithms based on deep learning. First, we introduce basic knowledge of deep visual tracking, including fundamental concepts, existing algorithms, and previous reviews. Second, we briefly review existing deep learning methods by categorizing them into data-invariant and data-adaptive methods based on whether they can dynamically change their model parameters or architectures. Then, we conclude with the general components of deep trackers. In this way, we systematically analyze the novelties of several recently proposed deep trackers. Thereafter, popular datasets such as Object Tracking Benchmark (OTB) and Visual Object Tracking (VOT) are discussed, along with the performances of several deep trackers. Finally, based on observations and experimental results, we discuss three different characteristics of deep trackers, i.e., the relationships between their general components, exploration of more effective tracking frameworks, and interpretability of their motion estimation components.