Background Parity, pregnancy loss, and breastfeeding duration were found to be associated with diabetes. However, the results are inconsistent. Also, no epidemiological studies have examined the association of these reproductive factors with diabetes in the same large population. We aim to investigate the associations between parity, pregnancy loss, breastfeeding duration, and the risk of maternal diabetes in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese females. Methods We included 131 174 females aged ≥40 years from the REACTION study (Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: A Longitudinal Study). Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression were used to assess the association between parity, pregnancy loss, and breastfeeding duration and type 2 diabetes. Results The number of parities and breastfeeding duration were positively related to fasting plasma glucose, 2‐hour postload glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Compared with those with one birth, nulliparous women or women with 2 or ≥3 births had a significantly increased risk of diabetes. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.27 (1.10‐1.48), 1.17 (1.12‐1.22), and 1.28 (1.21‐1.35), respectively. Compared with women without pregnancy loss, those who underwent 2 (OR 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.14) or ≥3 pregnancy losses (OR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.18) had an increased risk of diabetes. Moreover, women with a breastfeeding duration ≥0 to 6 months (OR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.75‐0.90) and ≥6 to 12 months (OR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89‐0.99) had a significantly lower risk of diabetes. Conclusions Nulliparous women or women with multiparity or more than one pregnancy loss have an increased risk of diabetes in later life, while women who breastfeed more than 0 to 12 months have a lower risk of diabetes.

This study is aimed at establishing the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and determining the risk factors for bone mass loss. We invited KTRs who were under regular follow-up at Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated with Nanchang University to attend an assessment of osteoporotic risk assessed by questionnaire, biochemical profile, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning of the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck. Binary logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between the different variables and bone mass density (BMD). A total of 216 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. The group consisted of 156 men (72.22%) and 60 women (27.78%), and the mean age was 41.50 ± 9.98 years. There were 81 patients with normal bone mass (37.50%) and 135 patients with bone mass loss (62.50%). Logistic regression analysis showed that a higher phosphorus value and higher alkaline phosphatase concentration and a longer use of glucocorticoids were risk factors for bone mass loss in KTRs, and maintaining an appropriate weight and exercising an appropriate number of times per week helped to maintain bone mass.

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