Motion information collection technology is a means for measuring, tracking, and recording the movement traces of individuals in space. This method can complete the data collection of volleyball players and the ball trajectory and realize quantification and statistical analysis of the data to present a virtual model of the player’s movement trajectory. It is inseparable from the acquisition of information to complete the information collection. Therefore, this work uses the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in the Internet of Things technology to build an information collection system and apply it to volleyball sports. The existing positioning system based on RFID has problems such as significant positioning errors and high system costs due to the arrangement of a large number of readers. This paper first introduces the theoretical knowledge of the RFID system, wireless network positioning technology, and RFID system positioning method in the Internet of Things. Besides, the theoretical framework of the volleyball movement information acquisition system is presented based on the Received Signal Strength Indication of the RFID system and Location Identification based on the Dynamic Active RFID Calibration (LANDMARC) algorithm. Then, the LANDMARC algorithm is improved through the Centroid Positioning algorithm, forming the CP-LANDMARC algorithm. Finally, a simulation experiment is conducted to test the system effect. The results demonstrate that: (1) the average error of the basic LANDMARC algorithm is 0.55 meters, and the average error of the CP-LANDMARC algorithm is 0.46 meters; (2) the average error of the CP-LANDMARC algorithm is 0.43 meters when the reference label is set to be evenly distributed in a square, and the average error of the optimized algorithm is 0.38 m when the reference label is set as an equilateral triangle; and (3) when the number of reference labels increases to 110, the average error decreases from 0.38 to 0.29. This paper aims to improve the quality of volleyball teaching and training by designing a relevant sports information acquisition system.